Culture and Care Value Base Essay

In this assignment I am going to examine and explain my own personal values and principles influence my own work in professional practice. I will compare my principles and values with the Northern Ireland Social Care Council codes of practice and the Care Value Base. The NISCC and the Care Value Base have many similar codes of practice which all health and social care practitioners should adhere by and work with. The values I feel that are relevant within my experience of healthcare and within my current placement are confidentiality, dignity and respect, effective communication, anti-discriminatory practice and culture and beliefs. In researching NISCC codes of practice and the Care Value Base, I have found that their values are also similar to my own values within my care practice. The first value I am going to discuss is confidentiality. According to the Care Value Base maintaining confidentiality of information is an important part of caring. Any information clients give is private and confidential. Individuals need to be aware of what they say to other carers and clients and also who have access to client files. Previously undergoing work experience in the stroke ward I found that all patients’ medical information is on a clipboard on the front of their bed, anyone could read this information, I feel the patient’s confidentiality is  being breached. During my work placement at Ceara School, I observed that each pupil has individual care folders within school; these are kept in a secure filling cabinet and only the members of staff who are looking after a particular pupil is allowed access, I feel this is very good practice to uphold confidentiality. Within my placement I feel my values would be similar to the Care Value base, if a service user informed me of private information I would keep it to myself to build trust and confidence unless the individual or others were at harm. The second value that I feel is most important and relevant to my experience and work placement is effective communication. According to NISCC, one of their codes of practice is to communication in an appropriate, open, accurate and straightforward way. Within my work placement you have to have recognition and respect of the pupil’s opinions and ideas so they gain confidence within you and be more comfortable to talk. You also have to talk respectfully and use a lot of humor and creativity to keep them interested. On a regular basis there are group conversations and also one to one conversations, simple language is used that is easily understood and additionally open questions are applied to develop the conversation. With having previous work experience in Craigavon Area Hospital I have learnt the importance of communication. Many doctors used jargonistic terms, which can be very hard for patients to understand, I consider this to be ineffective communication. I feel my values are comparable to those of the Northern Ireland Social Care Council. I think that my value of communication within my work placement will come across positively. While in placement I make the speaker feel heard and understood, I make sure to create an environment where pupils feel safe to express ideas opinions and feelings. I keep suitable eye contact and show interest in what is being said and sure my posture is open and inviting. The Care Value Base deems that it is important to acknowledge an individuals personal beliefs and identity. The NISCC feel that respective diversity and different cultures and values are very significant and can have extensive affects on a persons care. I went to an integrated secondary school with many cultures and religions. I took part in a multi-cultural day in school, I got to see other communities and cultures and what they believed in, this widened my views and changed my opinions of different religions. While in Craigavon Area Hospital completing work experience I learned that meals and meal times were very important in some religions and culture. Some individuals were vegetarian; I had to be very respectable of their culture and identity. They were supplied with a different menu with different foods that they could choose this promotes the right of choice and independence. Before my work placement commenced I hoped that the employees and pupils had the same value as myself in consideration of different cultures and are open to express their beliefs and identity and be proud of who they are. My next value is extremely important in my care practice and that is upheld by NISCC and the Care Value Base is anti-discriminatory practice. Anti-discriminatory practice is action to prevent discrimination against people on the grounds of race, class, gender and disability. Anti-discriminatory practice promotes equality by introducing anti-discriminatory policies in different situations of work. http://uk.ask.com/question/what-is-the-definition-of-anti-discriminatory-practice The Care Value Base describes one of their values by promoting anti-discriminatory practice and to protect the individual from abuse. There are many pieces of legislation that are in place to protect individuals from discrimination including the Disability Act 1995, Human Rights Act,  Equality Act 2010 and the Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995. In my work placement I will work in an anti-discriminatory way, I will not discriminate or judge the service users on their gender, race, class or disability. I believe everyone is different and we all have rights set in place to prevent us from being discriminated against. While undertaking work experience in Craigavon Area Hospital, disabled individuals were protected from discriminatory practice, there were lifts and ramps so all wheel chairs could access the building. There were wide and automatic doors so wheel chairs could get through them with no difficulty, although I feel this is very good practice there was also bad practice within the hospital. I consider individuals with different religions and languages were discriminated against. There were no interpreters for different languages therefore the patients didn’t know what had happened or what was about to happen. I feel my values hinder those of the Care Value Base and I imagine my values will come across positively within my work placement. I feel my personal culture and experience has influenced me in many different ways in supporting users of services and others in health and social care settings. My parents have taught me from a young age to say please and thank you and to be respectful to others. I have grown up knowing these simple values and therefore it has influenced me to show dignity and respect to all service users. Although I am of a Catholic background and practice the Catholic faith, I went to an integrated primary school and secondary school with many different religions and cultures. I now have an understanding of other cultures within health and socials care settings and I am able to accept other religions and their beliefs. I believe this have had a positive influence on my personal culture and experience. When I was in primary school, I met my best friend, he was homosexual. My parents were quite weary of this as they didn’t like the way he dressed and  acted. They came to the terms of his sexual orientation and accepted him; because I have had the privilege of meeting him it has allowed me to open my eyes to all sexual ordinations. When working and supporting users of health and social care service I wouldn’t mind what sexual ordination the service user was, I would not discriminate against them. I would promote and uphold my values to protect them from harm. From experience I know many people have been discriminated on because of their gender. Some individuals will not be chosen for a particular job because they are male/female. Service users are also judged on their sexual ordinations, recently in the news according to Poots, Northern Irelands Health Minister he said that all gay men are not allowed to give blood. I feel this sexual ordination is being discriminated against, it is very bad practice and defeats the purpose of legislation created to protect individuals from this happening. I will promote and uphold my values to protect individuals from being discriminated against. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-15014823 I think a pedophile and a murder would cause a barrier in the care setting I am working in. I have grown up knowing that they are bad from family, friends and the media. This may affect and hinder my work but as I am now aware of this negative point I need to work on this barrier. I can not make an assumption until I work and understand them, until then, I will try not to judge this group. New developments and changes to personal values can have a major impact on working in the Health and Social Care sector. Firstly a new development of mine is starting a new course; I have met new people and got to know them. Working in different practices can impact work in a care setting, partnership can be developed and new skills can be gained. I have started a new placement in Ceara School, I am very excited to see if it is the right area of health and social care I want to do further studying in. I feel this experience can be very education and rewarding. This experience will help me in my future and will give me a good start. I can now see that it is the first time I have looking at my values thoroughly and reflected on them, I  will challenge my values to become a better professional. I feel guest speakers were a new development of mine, they give me an insight into their organisation, and they also give me information on how I could get work experience. New developments and changes to my personal values can benefit the service user. I could reflect more in action rather than later, use communication more effectively and user my initiative in different situations. To conclude I believe that personal values is very significant in influencing my own work in the health and social care sector. I have found that my values are similar to the values of the Care Value Base and the Northern Ireland Social Care Council. I have found that there is legislation to protect individuals from unconfidentiality and anti-discriminatory practice also to promote dignity and respect, effective communication and culture and beliefs. I have also explored my new developments and what changes I could make to my personal values to create more effective and efficient care.

Criminal Justice Budget Essay

Harris County, in Houston Texas, contains a pretty large population, and a large majority of that population classified as home owners. Harris county’s geographic size is considerably large, with a population estimate exceeding 3,935,855 peoples in 2007 (US Census Bureau, 2009). Furthermore, the percentage of Caucasians is around 73. 6%, with the Black population consisting of 18. 9%, Native Americans exceeding . 6%, Asian persons around 5. 5% and lastly the Hispanic population being around 38. 6% (US Census Bureau, 2009). The land area per 200 square miles is 1,728. Harris County’s current federal spending budget for the year of 2007 is around 21, 152, 659. When determining a budget for Harris County, one important aspect to consider is the county’s retail sales, which is around 39,358,036, displaying the current of industry and economic growth. The federal government spent over 19 billion dollars in 2003 on the war on drugs, at a rate of about 600 dollars per second (www. drugsense. org). The total amount of money spent on the war on drugs at the federal level is about 4,258,600,939, while at the state level 6,536,936,825, totaling over 10,800,600,300 dollars (www. drugsense. com). The failed war on drugs has not stopped drug usage, on the contrary, it has made criminal cartels rich by illegalizing drugs, thus giving them a product to sell, and increased not only the availability and potency of drugs, but, also their rate of usage across the country. For example, after the US has spent over 500 billion dollars to fight drugs, cocaine is now as cheap as it was when kingpin Escobar died and more heavily used, furthermore, methamphetamine, which was barley even a problem in the years following 1993, is now used by over 1. 5 million Americans and is proven to be more addictive than crack (Wells, 2007). The war on drugs has put over 500,000 people behind bars for drug crimes with no discernable effect on the drug trafficking industry, if anything; it has grown (Wells, 2007). When preparing a budget for Harris County, the most important thing that could be done is ending the failed war on drugs, which would save tax payers an estimated 12 billion dollars or more a year. Furthermore, instead of focusing a majority of the states federal budget on building more prisons begin building more universities, and residential communities. I find it interesting to note that the annual cost to tax payers in California to keep and maintain their prisons is around 10 billion per year, if this spending trend continues; California will be spending more on prisons than on universities (Abramsky, 2007). In ending the war on drugs, with the billions that would be saved, tax cuts, business incentives, and an overall increase in the standard of living for the community. Furthermore, instead of building prisons, states could build real, industry that produces’ real goods. References Wells, Ben (2007) How America Lost the War on Drugs Rolling Stone retrieved on March 16, 2009 from http://www. rollingstone. com/news/story/17438347/how_america_lost_the_war_on_drugs Abramsky, Sasha (2007) Prison Crisis: Will California Spend more on jails than Universities? Rights and Liberties retrieved on March 16, 2009 from http://www. alternet. org/rights/65868/? page=entire US Census Bureau (2009) State and County quick facts The US Census Bureau on March 16, 2009 from http://quickfacts. census. gov/qfd/states/48/48201. html Unknown Author (2009) Drug War Clock Drug Sense retrieved on March 16, 2009 from http://www. drugsense. org/wodclock. htm

What barriers are there to the effective prevention of genocide and Essay

What barriers are there to the effective prevention of genocide and crimes against humanity - Essay Example The media should have special program to spread protection and prevention measures against genocide. Victims protection should be enacted to ensure they are not exposed to more danger and also to be assisted in re-organizing their lives afresh According to Valentino (2003) he argued that there are several barriers to prevention of genocide by the international community. The United States failed to stop the Rwandan genocide until it was too late and by the time they intervened, 800,000 lives had been lost and many persons displaced. Slow and gradual speed of taking action has led to wide spread of genocides in many countries. Scenarios witnessed in Sudan remained unabated, leading to millions losing the lives and property despite the effort to prevent genocides and crimes against humanity in the world. President Clinton apologized to Rwanda expressing regret due to the untimely intervention by the Americans to prevent the mass killing that has gone in history as the worst of the rece nt decades. The international community together with African nations is responsible for this tragedy. All states must be willing to forecast and plan in future on ways of preventing crimes against humanity and genocides. ... Research done on why the international community has failed to fulfill the commitment of protecting humanity has found out that those responsible are high ranked government and military officials. They have well organized militia groups with access to government intelligence hence a big challenge to deal with. Belgium had interest in the country and had trained many Tutsi militias. It can be seen that former colonial masters want to serve their interests by causing genocides while pretending to be committed in maintaining peace (Valentino, 2003). Frate stated that lack of credible justice systems, which do not incorporate ways of addressing traditional injustices, and solving communal. Past injustices committed to victims of wars and the impact of victimization has led to negative results to the efforts being made to prevent genocides and crimes against humanity. Failure to implement laws to prevent these effects has also made it impossible for the efforts made to resolution of the c onflict. Corruption has increased in complexity in society and has become a stumbling block to justice systems by having investigating of offences, prosecution and trial of the offenders compromised. Failure to address community differences by mobilizing the society effectively has increased tension in leading to frequent sprout of conflicts which if not urgently may spread in greater proportions resulting to mass killings and destruction of property. Victims should be protected through criminal laws that are able to advocate for social security by adequately investigating in details the causes of the crimes and the possible way of addressing the differences that caused genocides and how harmony can be brought into the society. Many countries have not

On the City of Tulsa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On the City of Tulsa - Essay Example Despite the economic potential further development brings in, we must recognize the ill-effects that come with it. A study on population dynamics has questioned the sustainability of our natural resources amidst the current population boom and the influx of illegal immigrants in the country not to mention the legal immigrants. The law of supply and demand may create an imbalance if the natural resource is scarce. No matter how we try to accommodate improvement but nature refuses to provide the demands due to over-population and over-usage will thereby result in a tangible scarcity of resources. Man’s basic needs for food and water can no longer be met and that is an ill-effect of too much economic improvement. The issue of illegal immigration has been placed in the background in favor of several more pressing issues. However, we cannot ignore that our country is approaching a population 280 million of which illegal immigrants are not even accounted for. If we continue and allo w the influx of illegal immigrants, food and water scarcity will be experienced in the later years to come. Compassion should start within us all and consider these illegal immigrants have a home country to return to when dire consequences would hit us, but we only have this country to return to, therefore it is our sole responsibility to make our country sustainable and viable for us all. All Americans must be educated on the effects of the current population boom. Education creates consciousness for every American to focus on his responsibility towards his country and work on acceptable jobs to help reduce the influx of â€Å"aliens†. The aim is not to discriminate anybody in particular, but to work towards the common goal of having jobs for everyone. Americans are complaining about â€Å"fewer jobs† available to them.  

Liquid Level Detection by Using Optical Sensors in Riyadh Wastewater Dissertation

Liquid Level Detection by Using Optical Sensors in Riyadh Wastewater Treatment Station - Dissertation Example C Damping coefficient ODEs Second order linear r Root of equation Acknowledgment I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Gui Tian strongly for being supportive and an excellent guidance throughout the duration of this work. My thanks must also go to Professor Matthew Armstrong for his advice regarding the control part of this project on. I would like to thank yassir Ali Bouraee for helping me in the fluid system control. List of contents Abstract......................................................................................... 1 List of Symbols and Acronyms...................................................... 3 Acknowledgements.............................................................................. 4 List of contents..................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1:Background 7 1.1 Introduction 1.2.1 What are wastewater treatment stations ....................... 9 1,2.2 What are the wastewater sources 1.2.3 What are the wastewater release gases Chapter 2: literature review 10 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The principle of liquid level detection and importance 2.3 Point liquid level detections techniques................................. 13 2.3.1 Magnetic and Mechanical float level sensors 2.3.2 Pneumatic level sensors 2.3.3 Conductive level... The main aim of this project is to find the proper liquid level sensors between these two sensors for working in Riyadh wastewater treatment station. By the end of the project, one of the main reason which causes a problem to the ultrasonic level sensors at Riyadh station came up which is a high temperature or temperatures Variety. According to Monitoring weather center in Riyadh, the average temperature at the summer time between 40-55 degree in the day time and the moisture in Riyadh is very low. Therefore the ultrasonic sensor might get affected by the Variety of temperatures or high temperature. As result of low moisture and high temperatures, I think the proper sensor for Riyadh wastewater station is the optical infrared sensors. In part of characteristics consideration for both sensors to select the suitable one for wastewater environment, the accuracy of the optical sensor for detecting the distance between the sensor and the liquid level is noticed even though the variations of surrounding temperature and sunlight intensity. The sensor was affected by dirt and misroute. The ultrasonic sensor is able to detect the distance even though the variations in moisture content, dirt and surrounding sunlight intensity. And, the sensor was severely affected by the difference of the surrounding temperature. Finally, both sensors can be used as distance detection sensor in the wastewater treatment field,† if a careful consideration is given to the characteristics of both sensors with improvement on problems pointed out in this study†.

Organizational Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Organizational Ethics - Essay Example External social pressures have both positive as well as negative impact on the ethics of an organization. The social expectations are meant to be given more importance by the company as this leads to better performance or downfall of the company. These social pressures are such that it bounds a company to give special consideration to the expectations of the society in terms of involvement in general community or performing responsibility towards the environment. The positive impact of this social pressure is that it enables a firm to work for a cause and deliver the best of services to its customers. As in the case of 21st Century Insurance where the main focus of the management is to meet the demands of their customers so that they work for the well being of their customers. On the other hand the negative impact of such external social pressures is that it greatly affects the decision making process and enforces the management to take decisions or take certain factors into account which currently was not being planned by the organization. This negative impact has been observed in the case of 21st Century Insurance where it had to implement strategies so as to meet the social expectations. ` The concept of ethical approach is essential in organizational or personal context as it helps to resolve many issues. The major factor of its importance is that it helps to design a framework within which an organization can operate. It even facilitates decision making process through its proper guidance in terms of analyzing what is wrong and what is right. The external social pressures help an organization to understand the expectations of the society and the responsibilities that they have towards the society so as to enhance the overall societal improvement. The decision making process gets simpler through these issues as it enables an individual to understand the

Assault Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assault - Term Paper Example Assault is divided into categories by the crime law, and police or court officials have the power to use force for arresting the offenders committing assault. While some states in United States continue to separate assault from battery, both are commonly combined under a single assault statue according to US common law system. (FreeAdvice, 2011). Simple and aggravated assault form two main categories of assault. Simple assault occurs when an offender puts another person in fear of receiving serious bodily harm or actually causes any kind of harm to that person, while aggravated assault involves particular circumstances that demonstrate profound defiance or disrespect for the value of human life. Aggravated assault also involves reckless threatening of harm or actual physical attack on the person who is at the receiving end, but it has to committed against a member who belongs from an influential or a protected class. A simple case of assault is upgraded into aggravated assault if cer tain facts inform the court officials that the assault is committed against a police officer, teacher, judge, or any person who performs supreme duties for the public. Some relief is provided regarding the rate of assault in US by the statistical records of Uniform Crime Report, January-June, 2010. Statistical data indicates that â€Å"law enforcement agencies throughout the Nation reported a decrease of 6.2 percent in the number of violent crimes brought to their attention for the first 6 months of 2010.† (The FBI, 2010). These violent crimes included assaults, rapes, and murder. This decrease is reported when compared with figures reported for the same time in 2009. This decrease in the rate of violent crimes in US is also supported by facts and figures provided by US National Crime Victimization Survey, 2009. â€Å"The overall victimization rate for violent crimes declined from 19.3 to 17.1 victimizations per 1,000 persons between 2008 and 2009.† (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2010). Basically, the decreasing rate of simple assault has contributed to the decline in overall violent crime rate. There are myriad impacts of assault on an individual and the community. It is an established fact that victims of child molestation suffer from long-term affects of mental disturbances and they are also often unable to connect the brutal abuse to the hardships experienced by them all their lives. Such people who are sexually abused by any of their relatives in their childhoods often become introverts in their adult lives. They even have to deal with the consequences of low self-esteem and poor confidence, and both of these things play a vital role in a person’s professional life. Anger, aggression, and depression problems are commonly found in people who have been repeatedly sexually abused in the childhood. Sexual assault can also induce an individual in turning towards alcohol and prescription medicines for seeking relief. Alcohol dependency is t hus gradually developed and this consequently, leads to the rapid development of antisocial behavior. In many cases of drug abuse, childhood sexual assault forms one of the most common factors regarding the psychology behind drug abuse. Sexual maladjustment also forms a common grave consequence of the sexual assault. Even if someone is harassed or

Business Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Decision Making - Assignment Example Basically, reduced taxes on organizations are best for fresh firms. Low taxes would mean that new firms battling to the mainstream can retain most of their profits. Likewise, spending by the government assists fresh firms. The government is able to give out revenue by redistributing it to those new organizations through subsidized loan, grants, or other forms of spending which are driven towards new or small firms. The government may as well spend more funds to form a partnership with a fresh company. Such happens within the local and state government level. For instance, a Supermarket research organization may be awarded federal or state loans and grants in order to start up new stories of supermarket (Lewis 56). Normally there are usually disagreements over the monetary and fiscal policy. Some individuals and organizations assert that the government must redistribute funds from income taxes simply because people will gain in the long run from more establishments of supermarket stor es. Some are also arguing that the government ought to redistribute funds from business since these firms are already making lots of profits and it is very essential to have alternative stores departments. From a different perspective, many are not of the idea that the government must be involved. The reasoning is that if establishing a supermarket store is a good business idea, the funds from the government would not be in any need. The sole reason why these funds are required is because the business not efficient enough to maintain itself. So it is like the government is promoting unsuccessful firms while punishing those which have become successful. This is seen as an unsustainable cycle given that the performing organizations struggle as the worst performing ones acquire more funds. Eventually, the best performing firms will die off, only leaving unsustainable firms which would otherwise die off if it were not for this government (Alvarez 39). P2.3: Impact of APPLE company compe tition policy Apple Inc. is a multinational corporation in America. The company has a strong brand name which makes it to be considered as one of the most successful companies in the world that deals with electronics. According to Porter E. Michael, there are 5 main forces of competition in the computer industry. The following are some of the competitive forces for the Apple Company; the bargaining power of the suppliers, the bargaining power of the consumers, the intensity of the existing rivalry among its competing firms, threat of substitutes, and the threat of new competitors. The 2 most important competition forces for Apple Company include; the bargaining power of the suppliers, and the bargaining power of the consumers. The bargaining power of the suppliers is the ability of the Apple firm to negotiate some good terms which is largely influenced by the firms that it relies on. Apple is known to have good bargaining power among its suppliers since they are in a position to out source most of their manufacturing. They are also having the capacity to vertically integrate by producing some supplies on their own. This has allowed them to

STD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

STD - Essay Example The spirochete Treponema pallidum (bacteria) is responsible for the said illness. This disease has the highest cases in urban populations, affecting persons with age 15-39, drug dependents, and those infected with HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Syphilis is usually acquired by humans through sexual contact. Infected mothers may transmit the infection to her fetus (prenatal syphilis). Moreover, if the disease is left untreated, it can progress into primary, secondary, latent and tertiary or late stage syphilis. Clinical signs and symptoms of syphilis depend on the stage of progression. Initially painless fluid-filled lesions or "small cancres" which may erupt on anus, genitalia, lips, tongue, fingers, nipples, eyelids or tonsils are observable then typically disappear 3 to 6 weeks after. About 8 weeks after, lesions or macules often erupt in areas of the trunk, soles, arms, palms, face and scalp. Other symptoms include anorexia, malaise, headache, nausea, weight loss, slight feve r and sore throat. Gumma, a deep or superficial nodule found in the bones, is one of the signs of late syphilis stage.

Using Technology to Create Strategic Options Essay

Using Technology to Create Strategic Options - Essay Example e human resource of the company, the company survives the competition it is presented with because it gets people who can rightly produce or create computer hardware and software that matches the experiences of users, connect users to the company, and trade out products to consumers. It is important to mention that assessing a company’s competitiveness on the technology market from a demand side should give much attention to user specification. It is for this reason that in the selection of its human resource base, Apple Inc. ensures that it is only the best employees who can predict and forecast the market from a user-based perspective and create technology based hardware and software that meet the demands of users. Another important resource that Apple Inc. has for years used in gaining competitiveness and remains important in competing is financial resources. The computer hardware and software industry has been described as one of the most capital intensive industries in th e world. This is because of the fast changing nature of the industry, where on a rapid basis, the trend of user demands change. As these demand changes happen, companies in the industry have been obliged to also change their marketing mix and manufacturing strategies to ensuring that they become the preferred destination for consumers seeking change (Hannah and Peter, 2013). In such a situation, competition becomes almost impossible in the absence of sufficient funds to compete. For Apple Inc. there remains the need for rapid capital injection so as to compete because most of its competitors continue to become financially viable and strong on the competitive market. In the creation of strategic options for its financial needs, it is strongly recommended that the company undertakes key financial...This is because out of the numerous strategic options, the companies become equipped with the selection of the most preferred and suitable choices that best respond to the dictates of the m arket in which they find themselves. In today’s competitive market, specifically for the computer hardware industry, the need and use of technology in the creation of strategic options has become necessary and relevant than ever before. This is because the computer hardware industry is by nature a technology based industry that has so much responsiveness in the demand side of the technology market. This paper shall therefore explore how Apple Inc. as a player in the computer hardware and software industry has used technology to alter the competitive dynamics of its market space. Resources needed to compete Sampler (2013) identifies three major dimensions of IT progress, out of which is the reach dimension. As far as reach is concerned, three other dimensions can be found, which are user experience, connectivity and commerce. The selection of various options has however been done with particular focus and attention to what prevails with competitors. This is because consumers of products and services offered by the company keep becoming inclined with the choices of products and services they want.

A Soccer Story Essay Example for Free

A Soccer Story Essay Snow fluttered to the ground as Jane pulled her gold jersey closer to guard against the blistering chill. Although the miniature goblins and ghouls had just collected their annual treats, winter was already wrapping its bitterly cold hands around her. The soccer field shone, glistening from the already melting snowflakes. Even though championship game had not yet started, the Warrior stadium overflowed with rows of eager fans, enthusiastic to be watching such an important soccer match. The line of girls marched up to the slushy field to meet their adversaries, the Panthers, shivering in their gold soccer shorts. Jane could see the opposing team glance warily at them as if the game was just a waste of their time. In every heart burned the desire to win, to achieve a task never before accomplished. The Lady Warriors were on a mission: to beat the Panthers for the first time in school history. The first forty-five minutes of the game went uneventfully; both teams attempted to score, but the soccer ball was shuttled around the field like a ping-pong ball, aimlessly with no sense of direction. As they battled against their opponents, the harsh and brutal wind attacked the athletes. They had to win. They had to beat the cold. They had to beat the best team, and they had to get even. Whistle blaring, halftime was declared, and the team trudged back through the icy grass, disappointed. The winter chill was barely felt as their unspoken frustration took over. The team circled together and listened to their coachs encouragements. The shrill whistle sounded once again, and the team charged back onto the field, feeling the motivation to win, remembering Coach Smiths last words: Theres nothing you girls cant do. Jane was inspired and she rushed on the field, playing like a maniac. Suddenly, an ear-splitting crack was heard and for a second, there was silence. Perhaps her excitement blinded all other senses, but Jane only remembered seeing a blur moving in her direction before she collapsed on to the snowy field, head throbbing. Head bowed down in defeat, Jane could not bring herself to look up at the crowd surrounding her. But a solitary clap  emanated from the row of spectators, and as she lifted up her tear-streaked face, her eyes locked with those of her optimistic team mates. Unsteadily, Jane stood up and the stadium resounded with cheers. The game commenced promptly; the clock was ticking with no time to lose. Then, the words, the assertion, that made Janes fists clench, a single statement uttered by the rival coach: That girls weak, one charge at her, and shell be down again. That girl was Jane, the offensive player, the unnerving forward, and she was enraged. Stinging pain from where the ball made contact with bare skin was quickly forgotten, even as the ugly red marks remained. The biting wind whipped strands of hair in her face, and Janes eyes squinted in the icy coldness. But her mind was defiantly set: she was on a mission to score. Adrenaline rushed through her bloodstream and her heart pounded rapidly as she rushed down the field. Jane swiftly maneuvered the ball with exact precision, imagining the moment the ball would enter the opponents goal. It was amazing how much satisfaction one solitary act could reward a person. One moment the white jersey of the defensive girl was coming at Janes way, ready to charge and steal the ball away. At the next instant, the sky was looking quite beautiful, sun shining, as the ball sailed swiftly into the white net. The whistle sounded shrilly and the multitude of onlookers erupted with excitement, the Warriors had defied an age old tradition, defeating the long-standing champions. The accomplishment, the pain-it made Jane triumphant that day. Against the odds, the underdog emerged victorious on the battlefield.

Promoting Good Health Primary Care

Promoting Good Health Primary Care Health professionals, particularly those working in primary care, have an important part to play in promoting good health. Therefore it is the intention of this essay to explain the theoretical base that underpins the nurses health promotion practice. Reference will be made specifically to promoting good nutritional intake and healthy lives for children. The essay will identify how evidence-based research concerning the subject of health promotion can be used to inform the practice of the nurse. The essay will highlight the priority given to the promotion of healthy eating by use of examining current government guidelines and healthcare strategies. This part of the essay will examine potential definitions of health. Health is not just about physical health but also about mental and social well-being. It may be most effective when meeting basic needs, accessing relevant information and relying on family or community support (Bury 2005). The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health (WHO 1998). The growth of interest and activity in health promotion over recent years must also attempt to develop some methods of prevention to ill-health (Downie et al. 2000). Factors surrounding the nutritional health of children has many elements; some of which include their genetic make-up, environmental influences and the stage of development of the child (Holden and MacDonald 2000). Eriksons (1968) established the psychosocial theory of development which took into consideration the effect of external aspects, parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood (Erikson 1968). According to Eriksons (1968) theory every person must pass through a series of eight inter-related stages of their life cycle. Stage number four is school-age child where children are learning and developing new skills and it is also a very social stage of development (Erikson 1968). Social issues will be discussed in more depth later in this essay. According to the Scottish Government nurses and midwives play a dynamic and vital role in improving health and delivering health services to the people of Scotland (Scottish Government 2001). Therefore in terms of promoting the health of children through healthy nutrition, nurses are encouraged to educate children through visits to schools, attending youth groups, giving advice to new parents and offering advice at clinics and so on. The school nurse works in cooperation with the school to produce an environment that promotes healthy living as well as looking after the needs of individual children (School Nurse 2010). Health education is important for preparing the social, practical and emotional knowledge of children and providing them with social skills. It also helps to protect and promote the health of children through an environment and culture which is safe, healthy and beneficial to learning (Department of Health 2004). Holden and MacDonald (2000) identified that nutritional e ducation is essential to enable children to make informed choices about food and understand the relationship between diet and health. Nurses are often available to give advice and guidance on good diet and nutrition and regularly give health talks at school assemblies. The next part of the essay will look at some of the legislation surrounding health promotion for children. School meals in Scotland have undergone a transformation over the past few years due to the Hungry for Success Initiative which introduced nutritional guidelines for school lunches (Fife Council 2010). The Schools Health Promotion and Nutrition Scotland Act (2007) encourages the Hungry for Success programme and requires all local authorities to ensure that food and drink provided in schools comply with the nutritional requirements specified in the regulations. This act places health promotion at the centre of school activities. It encourages local authorities to provide school pupils with healthy drinks and snacks either free of charge or at a reduced cost. It also requires local authorities to promote school meals and to also reduce the stigma attached for pupils having free school meals. Another project that was initiated was the Hygiene, Healthy Eating and Activity in Primary Schools Initiative (HHEAPS) (Food Standards Agency 2009). This was devised for schools to raise childrens awareness of food hygiene, healthy eating and physical activity and the main concept was to link the three together, providing children with a basic understanding of how colds and flu viruses spread, how they can feel mentally and physically better about themselves, as well as enjoy fun activities with their peers. The importance of health promotion in schools is a key part of the role of the school nurse and often concentrates on exercise and healthy eating which can include fighting obesity and perhaps even eating disorders (School Nurse 2010). The Scottish Government (in partnership with Learning Teaching Scotland and NHS Health Scotland), have produced a leaflet called Healthy at Schools: Healthy for Life which acts as a guide for parents to explain why schools are promoting health (Scottish Government 2009), so as to keep parents involved. Pupils are giving the opportunity to take part in a physical activity or sport and they learn about health in many different subjects. The social, mental, emotional and physical health of school pupils are the responsibility of all teaching and non-teaching staff in schools. Good nutrition has a positive influence on child development and any health promotion involvement that focus on children and young people can be the basis for a healthy lifestyle that may be continued into adulthood (Licence 2004). Therefore the priority of health promotion and nutrition education is directed mainly at changing diet and lifestyles, with the aim of reducing chronic diseases (Webb 2002). According to The Scottish Government (2008), 20% of primary one school children are classed as overweight, some even categorised as being obese. Childhood obesity can lead to childhood diabetes, early puberty in girls and can lead to some types of cancers and heart disease later in life (Kozier 2008). It is therefore vital to begin health promotion in children as early as possible, to allow them to make their own choices about their health as they become older. Having examined some of the policies surrounding health promotion, it is now appropriate to examine the role of the nurse as a health promoter in greater depth. The nurses role in health promotion and health education involves taking into account all of the processes involved from assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating, as these are all essential elements of a health promotion programme (Whitehead 2002). According to Kemm and Close (1995), health promotion is an activity that intends to prevent disease or promote health. One of the key aspects of health promotion is attitude and to suggest ways to change attitude and its associated behaviour is of the main objectives in health promotion (Downie et al. 2000). It is vital to adopt the most important approach to health promotion and Ewles and Simnett (2005) suggest five approaches to health promotion: medical, behavioural change, educational, empowerment and social change. In terms of health promotion for children the educatio nal approach and the behavioural change can be linked together as school education programmes can help pupils to learn the skills of healthy living thus aiming to change their attitudes and behaviour with the hope of them adopting a healthier lifestyle (Ewles and Simnett 2005). To provide structure for health promotion, several health promotion models have been developed. One of the better known and most popular one is Tannahills model of health promotion (1995) which describes health promotion as three interlinked circles that include health education, health prevention and health protection. As the circles overlap they form the seven components of health, and number five on the list positive health education is aimed at changing behaviour and encouraging beneficial use of leisure time as in exercise and fitness (Downie et al. 2000). Changing behaviour could be done by either educating parents in positive health or by showing the consequences of poor health. Health education is described as an activity aimed at informing people about the prevention of disease, and according to Naidoo and Wills (2000) health prevention can be divided into three categories. Primary prevention is aimed at prevention of the start of the disease, secondary is aimed at prevent ing the development of the disease and tertiary is aimed to reduce any further suffering for those who are already ill (Naidoo and Wills 2000). The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO 1986) outlines the key principles for health promotion which include strengthening individuals personal skills and capacities, empowerment and because society is forever changing, be able to create a healthy working and living environment. Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991) established the Determinants of Health model which explained how health is shaped by a variety of factors either positively or negatively. Economic, social and environmental conditions can determine the health of people and populations and also included in this model are the essential changes in the circumstances of daily life. Such factors can decide whether or not a person is in the right position, either physically, socially or personally to meet their requirements, succeed and be able to cope with changes in their situations (Local Government 2010). In terms of social issues, it is vital to highlight that promoting good health amongst children is virtually impossible unless parents are also targeted. Since parents and carers make most decisions regarding what a child eats, perhaps whether they can go out to play and whether they can join organised sporting activities, it is important that parents also have appropriate information on how to keep their child healthy (NHS Scotland 2010). Healthy families are better equipped to deal with challenges such as illness as they have developed effective coping strategies. Midwives can begin the process by giving targeted information to expectant parents on initiatives such as breast feeding, childhood immunisations and different activities to nurture happy, healthy babies. Some of these activities may include toddler swimming lessons or attending baby rhyme time classes (Netmums East of Scotland 2010). Nurses could then reinforce this by providing further information and advice during clin ics, nursery classes and through school-based drop-in advice services (Advice Guide 2010). Nurses can use their role as a liaison between health and education by working in partnership with members of the teaching profession to promote good health to young children. This might be by providing training for school-based staff to support children with healthcare needs such as asthma or diabetes or working with physical education teachers to encourage all children to take part in sports and other activities (The Scottish Government 2003). It is important that nurses show children why good nutritional intake is so important, by focusing on how it will not only prevent future illnesses, but it will help them to feel better and be more alert and active. It is also important to include how environmental issues such as poor housing, poor income and low levels of education can all affect the health of children (The Scottish Government 2003). Children can only follow through by choosing the healthy options they have been taught if they understand the importance of why they should cho ose a healthy diet (Frey and Barrett 2006). Fast food chains can also target children, and although many of them offer healthy choices, it is vital that children and parents understand the consequences of always choosing the unhealthy options, such as fatty foods potentially leading to heart disease, or sugary drinks leading to tooth decay (Food Standards Agency 2005). It might be possible to use educational aids such as pictures and videos to highlight to slightly older children and their parents of what could happen if they continually choose unhealthy foods (Brown and Ogden 2004). Nurses who work with children and young people also have an important role in identifying children who may be at risk of malnutrition. It is important for nurses to be able to recognise health problems that may be related to poor nutrition, for example, tiredness, slow growth, delayed puberty, pale skin and poor hair condition. The Royal College of Nursing (2006) suggests that basic screening of a childs nutritional status contributes significantly to identifying children at risk (RCN 2003). The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) have specific guidelines developed on evidence based clinical practice for the National Health Service (NHS) and they suggest that children whose families live in a deprived area should be considered as an increased risk of developing tooth decay (SIGN 2005). Parents and carers should receive oral hygiene education from the local dental team and health professionals should ensure that oral health messages are relevant and applicable to lifest yles and communities (SIGN 2005). Nurses need to take into account the social world of their patients and to understand their social situations. Factors within the social and maternal environment can influence health and development (Bromley and Cunningham-Burley 2010). The nurses role is to recognise the relationship between social issues and health and to be aware of cultural differences with regards to nutrition (Food Standards Agency 2002). According to Save the Children Scotland (2009) 240,000 children in Scotland live in poverty; that is one in four young people in families that struggle to get by every day. Families on low incomes find it hard to provide the basic necessities like decent, healthy food so therefore poverty affects the way that people eat (Save the Children Scotland 2009). Circumstances and the environment determine whether families are healthy or not. Genetics, relationships, education levels and income all have a huge impact on health (Anon. 2010). The nurses role in health promotion also incl udes health psychology which is the understanding of psychological influences on how people stay healthy. Health care professionals deal with problems identified by behaviours, attitudes, diet, exercise and so on (Ogden 2003). Some socially excluded families may not have the communication skills to identify and utilise what is available in terms of health promotion and disadvantaged families may have difficulty in taking up healthy options. Parents perceptions of healthy eating and exercising need to change and parents need to be more aware of the outcomes of an unhealthy diet. Children follow in their parents footsteps and do what they are brought up to think is correct. According to Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008), nurses are bound by and must adhere to the NMC Code of Conduct which states that it is the nurses duty to care for their patients and they must try and do what they think is best for them (NMC 2008). Nurses need to make people more aware of their role in promoting health and well-being of children and young people. Nurses need to work together with other health professionals including social care and local councils to change families attitudes and behaviours (Moyse 2009). Overall families are resilient and resourceful but they may need extra support and outside help to adapt successfully. Families cannot be forced to change but nurses can give them enough information and offer support to help them to change. Families need to believe that they can change and that changes will be good for them and that they will benefit from changing their lifestyles. Nurses need to influence the health of communities and problem areas. The Scottish Go vernment published a paper which provided a framework to support a programme which could help to deliver a policy for health improvement (The Scottish Government 2003). The main objectives in this paper for health improvement are that by 2010 -2012 life expectancy for people living in all areas of Scotland should be improved and it is also expected that inequalities between the most deprived and most comfortable groups should be reduced (Scottish Government 2003). In conclusion, this essay has examined some of the issues surrounding health promotion in children, focusing specifically on nutritional intake. It has firstly explained the knowledge base that underpins the nurses health promotion practice. The essay has looked at some of the legislation and government policies surrounding health promotion, and then also looked at the role of the nurse as a health promoter, and how a nurse must take into account social and educational issues when attempting to implement any health promotion initiative. The essay looked at a health promotion model and one component of this was discussed in more detail. Having examined current government guidelines and healthcare strategies, the essay then looked at guidelines that were developed on evidence based clinical research. Nurses should try to encourage people to take responsibility for their health and to make them more aware of the long term affects an unhealthy diet can have on younger children. Bad nutri tion affects skin, hair, nails and teeth. The essay has also discussed factors within the social and maternal environment which can influence health and development. It has also looked at why nurses must work together effectively with other health professionals to change family attitudes and behaviours. This essay has also discussed why people struggle to change, the effect of social class and health inequalities. Throughout completion of this essay it has become apparent that health promotion of children and young people is a vital part of the role of the nurse and the nurse can influence health improvement through health promotion. 2852 words

The Thesis And Statement Of The Problem Finance Essay

The Thesis And Statement Of The Problem Finance Essay INTRODUCTION OF THE THESIS STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Introduction: This thesis consists of a collection of self-contained research papers within the part of credit risk and securitization. Still if they differ in focus and faculty, they have in universal that I have designed at writing thesis which has important in real-world with a helpful and relevant participation in my thesis of credit risk and securitization. These contributions are either participation to strategy discussions, new opinions and new angles to a continuing debate, accepted practices with the help of study or cleanly development of fresh models. My thesis will be helpful for those companies which really face credit risk and do not have any model to control it. In the beginning of the writing thesis I faced a lot of problems in managing of data, but with the passage of time activities of research provided great knowledge about credit risk and securitization. This thesis will be helpful for me in future time, and it has a great importance for financial organizations. I was thinking, on basis of research on this topic, it is helpful for my job in these good organizations. I can give better performance on this job because it is my favorite area and I am specialist in it. A brief zoology of risks I view the risks faced by financial organizations as falling mainly into the following maximum collections: Market risk-the risk of sudden changes in prices or rates. Credit risk-the risk of changes in value related with sudden changes in credit quality. Liquidity risk-the risk that the costs of adjusting financial positions will boost significantly or that a firm will lose access to financing. Operational risk-the risk of fraud, systems failures, trading errors, and many other inside managerial risks. Systemic risk-the risk of stop working in open market or series of result default. Definitions of Credit risk Credit risk is a possibility that counterparty cannot perform the fixed obligation, including a possibility that the counterpartys credit risk will be reduced, which affect earnings and capital may support of financial organizations. Credit risk is very important as it involve credit department, which is a most important operation of financial organizations, both credits that are assets and contingent liabilities of the financial organizations. Credit risk is the risk of loss due to a counterparty defaulting on contract, or furthers normally the risk of loss suitable to some credit event. By tradition this applied to bonds where debt holders were worried that the counterparty to whom theyve made a loan might fail to pay on a payment (interest or original amount). Credit risk start from the possible that an obligor is either unwilling to achieve on a commitment or its capability to achieve such obligation is damaged resulting in financial loss to the bank. Credit risk is the up to date or future risk to earnings and capital happening from an obligors breakdown to meet up the conditions of any deal with the organizations or if an obligor otherwise not succeed to perform as contracted. The biggest source of credit risk is loans. However, credit risk exists all over the additional activities of the organizations equally on and off the balance sheet. In short, all the credit risks definitions provide same level of conclusion that if credit risk is greater than inspective so organizations will be suffering financial loss in balance sheet. Credit Risk: Financial organizations and financiers face several types of risk. One of the major risks is credit risk. Over the past decade, credit risk was a most important problem existing in the financial organizations. Credit risk has been one of the most active areas of recent financial research. Credit risk consists of two components: default risk and spread risk. Default risk defines as any non-compliance with the exact arrangement of a deal and spread risk defines as decline in market value of the deal/ tool due to change in the credit quality of the debtor/ counterparty. Credit Risk Models have assumed valuable because they give the judgment creator with on the way or awareness that would not otherwise be with pleasure available or that could be marshaled at too expensive cost. In business, almost all organizations carry some credit risk, because most organizations do not demand up-front cash payment for all products delivered and services rendered. Instead, most organizations distribute the product or service, and then bill the customer, often specifying net 30 days payment, in which payment is supposed to be complete on the 30th day after distribute. Credit risk is carried for the period of that time. In a market where margins are fast failing and the demands to lower pricing are implacable, models give their clients a competitive edge. The credit risk models are planned to aid banks in measuring, aggregating and managing risk across environmental and product lines. The results of these models also play more and more significant roles in banks risk administration and outcome measurement methods, client profitability analysis, risk-based pricing, active collection management and capital makeup decisions. Credit risk modeling may outcome in improved internal risk management and may have the possible to be used in the decision-making oversight of financial organizations. Credit risk analysis (finance risk analysis, loan default risk analysis) and credit risk management is essential to financial organizations which give credit to businesses and individuals. Credit can arise for different reasons: motor vehicle purchase finances bank mortgages (or home loans), credit card purchases, installment purchases, and so on. Credit loans and finances have risk of being defaulted. To understand risk levels of credit users, credit contributors normally collect huge amount of information on borrowers. Statistical predictive analytic techniques can be used to analyze or to determine risk levels involved in credits, finances, and loans, i.e., default risk levels. (Internal) credit score is a numerical rating of credit loans. It measures the level of risk of being defaulted. The level of default risk can be best predicted with analytical modeling. Credit scores can be measured in term of default probability or comparative geometric ratings. Managing credit risk is valuable for any organizations, and important resources are faithful to the task by large financial organizations with many customers. For large financial organizations, there may even be a credit risk department whose job it is to assess the financial health of their customers, and expand credit (or not) accordingly. For example, a distributor selling its products to a concerned vendor may challenge to minimize credit risk by reduction payment terms to net 15 days, or by actually selling less product on credit to the vendor, or even cutting off credit totally, and difficult payment in advance. These policies will possibly impact the distributors would-be sales, and basis smooth relationship with the vendor, but the distributor will end up better off if the vendor is delayed paying its bills, or, especially, if it failure to pay and say publicly bankruptcy. Definitions of Securitization Securitization a process whereby any Special Purpose Vehicle raises finances by issue of Term Finance Certificates or any other tools with the authorization of the relative authority of the country, for example, Pakistan commission (SECP) is authorization of the process for such purpose and uses such finances by making payment to the Originator and through such process obtains the title, property or right in the receivables or other assets in the form of actionable claims. There are lots of ways to explain securitization but in core, it is the financing or re-financing of earnings yielding assets by packaging them into a trade able form through an issue of government securities or further securities. There are three major kinds of securitization: true sale, synthetic and whole business (the final largely used in the England and, to a smaller size, continental Europe). In a true sale securitization, a organization sells assets to a special purpose vehicle which finances the purchase by issuing government securities to the capital markets. In a synthetic securitization, the organization does not sell any assets, but removes the risk of loss linked with certain of its assets to a Special purpose vehicle or a bank organization against payment by such of a premium or fee to the Special purpose vehicle. Whole business securitization is basically a secured loan granted by a Special purpose vehicle to the relevant organization. To contribution the loan, the Special purpose vehicle uses profits of government securities issued into the capital markets whereby the organization grants security over most of its assets in favor of the government securities holders. Since it is important for the whole work out to be a case of transfer of receivables by the originator, not a borrowing on the security of the receivables, there is a legal transfer of the receivables to a separate entity. In legal parlance, transfer of receivables is called assignment of receivables. It is also necessary to ensure that the transfer of receivables is respected by the legal system as a genuine transfer, and not as mere eyewash where the reality is only a mode of borrowing. In other words, the transfer of receivables has to be a true sale of the receivables, and not merely a financing against the security of the receivables. Securitization: Securitization is the procedure of financing the cost of originating or carrying economic assets. Those economic assets include responsibilities of clients originated by financial organizations or such as mortgage loans credit card receivables, student loans and student loans, trade receivables, and corporate bonds and loans. Financing arises during the issuance of asset-backed securities. In an asset-backed securities securitization, financial assets which are naturally illiquid, but exchange into cash in accordance with their conditions within a definite time. Financial assets are pooled and converted into asset-backed securities (which are then typically offered and sold in the capital markets). Mortgage backed securitizations and asset backed securitizations, or more usually, the securitization of economic assets, securitization is a form of structured finance firstly developed in the early 1970s in mortgage backed securitization format. It full-grown in the late 1970s in both mo rtgage backed securitizations and asset-backed securitizations formats. In current years, it has reach to Europe, Latin America and Southeast Asia (mainly Japan, India). In Pakistan market of securitization growing in recent year because international body of securitization improved the regulations according to Islamic structure for Muslim countries and these regulations match with international securitization transaction. Pakistan play lead role in Islamic securitization all over the Muslim countries. The local controllers have usually encouraged searching and introducing multiple asset-backed financing formations at large. While the whole banking and non-banking financial areas are now facing troubling due to worldwide financial disorder, pointed increase can be seen on the heel of Islamic securitization during contribution by private and commercial sectors. In its simplest form a Securitization require (1) the sale of a huge pool of Receivables by an person (Originator) that makes such Receivable in the line of its business to a bankruptcy-remote, special purpose entity in a way that meet the requirements as a true sale and is planned to reach definite results for accounting purposes, as well as caring the Receivables from the claims of creditors of the person (Originator), and (2) the issuance and sale by the special purpose entity, in either a private assignment or public offering, of obligation securities that are afterward fulfilled from the proceeds of and protected by the Receivables. When the Securitization is stopped up, finances run from the buyers of the Securities to the Issuer and from the Issuer to the inventor (Originator). Statement of the problem This research aim is to take action and analyze the following questions and interviews have been performing from the companies officer to receive information accordingly. What is method for control the credit risk in organizations? The purpose of Securitization in the Corporate Sector? The features of Securities to make its attractiveness? Why the investors are interested to invest in Asset-Backed Securities? Why Islamic securitization important in Muslim world? Does securitization reduce credit risk for the financial organizations? How the Asset-backed Securities have minimized credit risk for the financial organizations? To understand the role of banks and credit rating agencies in the Securitization. Determine the working of factoring for reduce the credit risk and define the benefit of factoring? What are the future prospects of Asset Backed Securitization in Pakistan and all over world? Define securitization costs and expense? How credit  scoring individual customer? How can minimize credit risk through securitization? What is the method of managing the credit risk and how to improve credit risk management? importance of the study The information technology and artificial results have been powerful the businesses of the worldwide economies. To deal with the different risks linked with the businesses, the businessmen have to come up with modern solutions and separate credit risk department and securitizations are one of them. All over the world companies face different type of risk in businesses including marketing risk, operational risk and credit risk. To deal with these risks and improved the financial position of the organization and increase the annual profit of the share holders (owners), they have to pick the positive modern solutions. If mangers of the organizations want to minimize the credit risk so securitization is one of the techniques picked by the organization. In the way, organizations achieved target profits and financial position without any loss of the operating, financial and market of the organization. Study of the credit risk and securitization is allows development new models and techniqu es in the capital market which ultimately create new and more investment chance in the capital market which provide large number of profit to the financial organizations. Study of the credit risk shows, at liberty Asia appeasing Credit Risk Management: 2006-2011 spend estimate and Analysis, local investments in credit risk functions for three purposeful systems, defaults chance judgment, credit collection management systems, and worldwide limits management systems are estimated to compound at a collection percentage of 16.6 per cent annually to US$1.74 billion by 2011. If organizations want to reduce credit risk so growth for successful performance of credit risk, financial organizations need to improve their IT functions for information collection and the interior rating process, categorize proper greatest practices and building ability. Study of credit risk and securitization have very important for any organizations because credit risk accounting for at least two-thirds of their on the whole risk, the financial organizations have the leading holder for credit risk functions. According to research of credit risk controller that if organizations want to reduce credit risk so buildup credit risk departments in the organizations for control the credit risk independence and working of credit risk department that manage the securitization procedures and improved the internal rating process and fairing collection the data about customer and country political issue. Political issue plays a lead role for unsystematic credit risk. In addition, these studies evaluate the opportunity where this idea of securitization can be effectively applied. The study not only points the current companies who have already accepted the securitization but also useful for the potential companies. Delimitation of the study This research was performed within the following limitations: Only financial organizations in the first market level of the Lahore and Karachi Stock Exchange was included in this research. Joint finances were also excluded. All the steps involved in this research process were completed within a two month period (December to February 2010-2011). This place a limit on the overall level of the study. The Lahore and Karachi Stock Exchange is relatively new in the field of credit risk and securitization. This impacts the amount of information available for me. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES Background Credit risk and securitization is not new team for any businessman in the capital market. A lot of the articles, books, research papers and regulations are available in internet and library. I get help from a lot of articles and books for writing a thesis of credit risk and securitization. My work is distribution into two elements: selecting articles and summarizing results. I have read 135 plus articles, books, and research papers of different authors of all over the world for clear understanding of credit risk and securitizations. My literature search starts with electronic full-text databases and Economic Papers, using searching term credit risk and securitization in the title or keywords. Literature Credit risk occurs from the option that the issuer of an asset back securitization, generally a special purpose vehicle, may default on its liabilities. Since the special purpose vehicle is usually controlled to have no assets or business other than holding the securitized assets, the main focal point is on the cash flow from the assets themselves. The most significant option to be considered is default by the underlying borrowers, such as the car owners in the case of automobile loan securitization. While a small but expected loan loss ratio is controllable, the rating agencies must deeply analyze the difference in default and crimes rates and calculates any factors that might activate a growth in defaults. The growth of a possible control of credit risk and securitization market is very dependent upon the authorized and regulatory framework that is position provides sufficient security for investors. The financial organizations, investors, banks and development companies were attractive to perform the securitization for control credit risk. It is therefore, different agreement concerning the current and future receivables of the development companies have been performed through asset backed securitization in different business sectors of the country i.e. leasing sector, oil sector, construction areas, telecom sector, and public sector. Credit risk identification Valuable credit risk identification starts with individual credit measurement. Financial organizations should rate credit value of individual customer commonly. Some financial organizations may concern relative rating. Some rate by kind of credits or transactions. Some apply both relative rating and rating by kind of credits or transactions. Risk rating should also be practical to off-balance sheet transactions. The rating process should be transmission commonly so that adjusts in credit quality will be agreed in time. Such will help the management in revising the policy as well as closely monitor the non-performing loans within a suitable time period. In addition to risk rating, there should be a assessment and analysis of every section and the overall selection to ensure the accepted risk rating. Development analysis, change in risk level and weighted average risk level should be incorporated with other information such as past due trend, credit growth, and the extent of policy exception to help in the analysis of asset quality and credit risk. The principle of valuable risk management is identifying all possible credit risks in the products and transactions through a detailed review of credit risk element in the products and transactions. New products that can incur risk should be given much interest in the new product planning process. Close and careful monitoring should be carried out to ensure that the risks are identified and appropriately managed. Adequate guidelines and control procedures should be specified before the new products and transactions are projected or introduced. Moreover, the new products and transactions should be approved by the board of directors or other suitable committee. Credit risk measurement Financial organizations should have a correct and dependable system to measure credit risk of individual customer in accord with the quality, refund ability and kind of credits or businesses, equally on- and off-balance sheet credit transactions and bank account transactions. This is so that level of risk can be correctly measured, monitored and controlled. To have valuable risk measurement, financial organization should carry on as follows: Formulate a policy and strategy in risk measurement and the impact on financial organizations. Formulate risk measurement processess which is working in high level management which is relative to measuring credit risk. Clear customer segmentation and regular assessment of credit application. Assess the current level of loan loss provisioning against credit risk. That is, even when financial organizations have high level of risk; sufficient amount of provisioning can help reduce against the overall credit risk. Financial organizations should use suitable ratios to test whether the level of loan loss provisioning is practical. Ratio analysis will make known the trend of relationship between loan loss provision with different factors such as non-performing assets and normal loans pass due loans, and stop increased debts, credits and contingent liabilities. Credit risk Monitoring and controlling For reducing credit risk on account of such off balance sheet contacts, financial organizations may accept a multiplicity of measures some of which are showed below: Financial organization must make sure that the security, which is obtainable to the funded lines, also covers the latter of credit lines and the guarantee facilities. On some events, it will be suitable to take a charge over the fixed assets as well, particularly in the case of long-term guarantees. In the case of guarantees covering agreement, financial organization must make sure that the regulars have the necessary technical skills and experience to perform the agreements. The value of the agreements must be definite on a case-by-case basis, and break up limits should be set up for every one agreement. The growth about physical and economic displays should be monitored on a regular basis, and any slippages should be highlighted in the credit review. The policy to authorize non-finance facilities with an observation to increase earnings should be suitably balanced about the risk concerned and comprehensive only after a careful assessment of credit risk is undertaken. Feature of Securitization A securitized tool, as compared to a direct maintain on the issuer, will normally have the following features: Marketability The very important principle of securitization is to make sure marketability to economic claims. Hence, the tool is prepared so as to be marketable. This is one of the most important features of a securitized device, and the others that follow are mostly significant only to make sure this one. The conception of marketability involves two hypothesizes: (a) The authorized and general option of marketing the instrument; (b) The reality of a market for the instrument. Securitization is a misleading notion unless the securitized product is marketable. The very reason of securitization will be defeated if the device is full on to a few expert investors without any chance of having a liquid market therein. Liquidity to a securitized device is given either by launching it into an organized market or by one or more agencies acting as market makers in it, that is, approving to buy and sell the tool at either fixed or market-determined prices. Merchantable Quality To be market-tolerable, a securitized product has to have a merchantable quality in capital market. The idea of merchantable quality in case of physical produce is something which is suitable to merchants in regular trade. When applied to economic products, it would mean the economic obligations embodied in the tools are secured to the investors approval. To the investors approval is a qualified term, and therefore, the originator of the securitized device secures the device based on the needs of the investors. The universal rule is: the broader the base of the investors, the less is the investors ability to attract the risk, and hence, the more the need to securities. For generally distributed securitized tools, estimation of the quality, and its qualifications by an independent expert. The rating provides for the advantage of the position investor, who is otherwise not projected to be in a position to review the degree of risk involved. In securitization of receivables, the idea of quality experience drastic change making rating is a general requirement for securitizations. Hence, the quality of the maintain of the debtors believes significance, which at times enables to investors to rely simply on the credit-rating of debtors and so, create the device totally independent of the originators personal rating. Wide distribution The necessary principle of securitization is to distribute the product. The level of distribution which the originator would like to realize is based on a relative analysis of the costs and the benefits achieved thereby. Wider distribution guides to a cost-benefit in the common sense that the issuer is able to market the product with minor return, and hence, minor financial cost to him. But wide investor base involves costs of distribution and servicing. In observe, securitization issues are still hard for retail investors to recognize. Hence, most securitizations have been secretly placed with expert investors. However, it is possible that in to come, retail investors could be involved into securitized products. Special purpose vehicle In case the securitization needs any asset or claim which needs to be included and separate, that is, unless it is a shortest and unsecured claim on the issuer, the issuer will want an agent agency to act as a storage area of the asset or claim which is being securitized. Let us take the easiest example of a secured debenture, in concentrate, a secured loan from some investors. Here, security charge over the issuers some assets needs to be incorporated, and later broken down into marketable lots. For this purpose, the issuer will bring in an agent agency whose necessary job is to hold the security charge on behalf of the investors, and then issue documentations to the investors of valuable interest in the charge held by the intermediary. So, whereas the charge continues to be held by the intermediary, valuable interest therein becomes a marketable security. The same process is concerned in securitization of receivables, where the special purpose agent holds the receivables with it, and issues valuable interest documentation to the investors. Assets that can be securitized In essence, all assets which produce a cash flow can be securitized e.g. housing loans mortgage loans, credit card receivables, automobile loans, consumer loans, trade receivables, lease finance, etc. a perfectly and usual financial asset is usually securitized. A difference is generally made between asset securitization and mortgage securitization. Asset securitization is sheltered from a pool of loans and receivables though the mortgage backed securities are sheltered by residential or commercial mortgage loans however mortgage backed securities is a particular kind of asset backed securities. Process of securitization The process of creating asset backed securities is talk about in the following points: The Company sells its products and services on credit and this becomes the trade receivables or account receivables in the balance sheet of the company. Out of these receivables, the originator pools definite receivables jointly on the base of maturity and risk structures and sells these to a securitization company identified as Special Purpose Vehicle or Special Purpose Entity. The securitization company makes payment to the originator for the receivables purchased. These receivables are improved into a pool of securities by the securitization company for the reason of issuing Pass Through or Pay through Certificates. These Pay Through or Pass through Certificates are then charged by Credit Rating Agencies e.g. Pakistan Credit Rating Agencies (PACRA). The Pay Through or Pass through Certificates are sold to individual investors or Qualified Institutional Buyers. The gathering of receivables from debtors is obtained by Company itself in case of Pass through Certificates and by Securitization Company in case of Pay through Certificates. If gathering is made by the Company then it is under commitment to pass on the money to the securitization company. The securitization company after that makes payment to the investors. Why do issuers need securitization? These explanations the investors favor to invest in asset-backed securities: Securitization makes tools with reverse maturities, risks, vouchers, which is attractive to investors. Securitization is a prepared financial device i.e. customized to the risk-return and maturity needs of investors, rather than a trouble-free claim against an entity or asset. Asset-Backed Securitization offers and defer higher than devices with similar risk. This is appropriate to the credit value of the tools (generally AAA rated) and the credit development features. Asset-Backed Securitization offers a expected cash-flow. Investors purchase Asset-Backed Securities with self-belief that payments will take place at particular dates in the future. Asset-Backed Securities are protected by the fundamental assets; therefore they offer important security against lower by rating agencies to the issuer. It gives a chance to the investors to spread their investment collection by investing in these asset backed securities. Impact of securitization on the capital market The impact of securitization on capital market can be analyzed in the following points: Securitization decreases transaction costs in the capital market by generating a market for financial claims, which otherwise, would have continued illiquid, i.e. limited trading. Securitization saves intermediation costs, since the particular intermediary costs are service associated and usually lower. Securitization supports saving since it offers a security to investors with guaranteed interest or payments and an assertion of credit quality and security nets in the variety of trustee

Beowulf As Christian Allegory :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Beowulf As Christian Allegory Beowulf’s story is somewhat of an allegory in which he is depicted as the Christ figure. The theme of Beowulf is a contrast of good and evil which is manifest in both Christian and pagan elements; Beowulf represents good, while Grendel, his mother, and the dragon represent evil. The first monster our hero, Beowulf, faces is Grendel. Grendel is said to be a descendant of Cain. â€Å"Unhappy creature (Grendel), he lived for a time in the home of the monsters’ race, after God had condemned them as kin of Cain† (Norton, 28). Cain is the son of Eve, the woman who bore sin into the world. A connection, however vague, can be made between the maternal relations of Eve and Cain and Grendel and his mother. Grendel’s mother can be considered to personify man’s fall from grace and Grendel himself might embody sin. Furthermore, the dragon Beowulf battles can be said to be a picture of Satan: â€Å"the smooth hateful dragon who flies at night wrapped in flameâ⠂¬  (56). When facing Grendel, Beowulf relies on God alone to protect him, saying, "†¦may wise God, Holy Lord, assign glory on whichever hand seems good to Him† (36). When Beowulf tears off Grendel’s arm, Hrothgar remarks, â€Å"I endured much from the foe, many griefs from Grendel† (39). It could be said that the Christian foe is sin, which causes much grief. Against Grendel’s mother, original sin, Beowulf becomes the Christian soldier. When Beowulf struggles against Grendel’s mother, God grants him a precious gift: â€Å"The Wielder of Men granted me that I should see hanging on the wall a fair, ancient, great-sword – most often He has guided the man without friends – that I should wield the weapon† (Norton, 48). This great sword is further described as â€Å"a victory-blessed blade, an old sword made by the giants†¦ the work of giants† (Norton, 47). The sword used to slay Grendel’s mother is work of her ancestral giants, who were godly until they fell from grace. â€Å"From (Cain) sprang all bad breeds, trolls and elves and monsters – likewise the giants who for a long time strove with God† (Norton, 28). Therefore, the sword was god-forged and godly. Here the hero is using â€Å"the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God† to prevail (The Book of Ephesians 6.17, Bible). In his battle with the dragon (which may represent Satan) Beowulf is martyred, losing his life in the of the killing the dragon.

The Infinity Mirror :: The Infinity Mirror

The Infinity Mirror    "Tularecito" is a myth about truth. Tularicito, just a character of that myth, is the focus for this glossed over fable. Steinbeck draws on this form of genre to present the idea that we are all a part of what happens to others, based upon our nature.    The image presented of Tularecito is that of a demon, an idiot savant, a boy with a gift from God, and that gift's cost. He is a freak, a dangerous misfit, an innocent who does not need the constraints of reality. Tularecito is a test. The test is one of moral caliber. It is a test of the souls of the characters who overshadaow Tularecito.    Pancho is a man that is both holy and sinful. His purfunctory act of church going becomes true belief as alcohol demons induce him to halucinate a deformed boy into an outcast from hell. He looks into his mirror and sees himself, becomes shaken, reforms.    From Pancho's employer, Franklin Gomez, we get a cold hard look into society. We see a mother, knowing her son is to be hated and feared, and perhaps possibly killed, cannot face killing her son with her bare hands. She leaves the killing to exposure to the elements, enying herself a look into Tularecito.    Franklin adopts Pancho's demon, and Tularecito transforms into a disadvantaged who has been gifted with talent. Tularecito becomes a man at the age of six, "The boy grew rapidly, but after the fifth year his brain did not grow any more," To Franklin, Tularecito is grace, and graceless. He is talented in all things of any physical strength, and well proficient in the creation of beauty, and an artist in the care for life of nature. The touch of Tularecito brings beauty, and life, and love to the world, until he becomes enraged, (should anyone endanger what came from the touch of his hand). Franklin looked into   Tularecito's mirror and saw what Tularecito was.

Feedback Effects of Soil Carbon Cycling in Northern Ecosystems Essay

Feedback Effects of Soil Carbon Cycling in Northern Ecosystems Global warming will be greatest in mid-continental North America and Eurasia, where temperatures are predicted to increase 4 - 12_C during the winter and 2 - 6_ C in summer (Kasischke et. al, 1995). This warming will shift the boreal forest, bog, and tundra biomes that dominate these areas northward as much as 500 km in the first hundred years of warming (Toward...1988, qtd. in Varallyay, 1990). Alaskan studies indicate that these changes are already influencing ecosystem function and carbon balance in northern ecosystems (Grulke et al. 1990; Ochel and Billings 1992; Oechel et al. 1993; qtd. in Oechel et al. 1995). Alterations in carbon cycling in these soils are of particular concern, since soils of northern ecosystems store from 350-455 Pg of carbon, or from 22.5 to 29.4% of the world soil carbon pool (Billings, 1987; Post, et al., 1990: Oechel and Vourlitis, 1993; qtd. in Lal et al.1995). This sink is an important part of the global carbon cycle; soil carbon losses from changes in land use account for 40% of the increase in atmospheric CO2 to date (Tinker and Ineson 1990). Smith and Shugart (1993) have projected that the vegetation/soil system will eventually become a carbon sink when global warming occurs. However, the initial loss of soil organic matter and delayed response of ecosystems to range shifts are expected to cause an initial pulse of carbon to the atmosphere, representing a temporary positive feedback to climate change. The amount of organic carbon stored in the soil depends on the net primary productivity (NPP) of the ecosystem and the speed of humic decomposition. Rates of soil organic matter decay are partially temperature dependent; Jenkinson... ...niversity Press, 1995. Smith, T. M. and H. H. Shugart, 1993, The transient response of terrestrial carbon storage to a perturbed climate: Nature, 361, pp. 523-526. Stevenson, F. J. Cycles of Soil: Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Micronutrients.: New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1986. Tinker, P. B., and P. Ineson, 1990. Soil organic matter and biology in relation to climate change: in Soils on a Warmer Earth, H. W. Scharpenseel, M. Schomaker and A. Ayoub, eds.: New York, Elsevier, 1990. Varallyay, G. Y., 1990, Influence of climatic change on soil moisture regime, texture, structure and erosion: in Soils on a Warmer Earth, H. W. Scharpenseel, M. Schomaker and A. Ayoub, eds.: New York, Elsevier, 1990. Whalen, S. C., W. S. Reeburgh, and K. S. Kizer, 1991. Methane consumption and emission by taiga: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 5(3), pp. 261-273.

Hrm587 “Classics” Supplemental Articles List

HRM587 â€Å"Classics† Supplemental Articles List (Available in DeVry University/Keller Online Library) The articles listed below have all been acknowledged as contributing in significant ways to our understanding about change. We refer to them as â€Å"classics. † Many have been cited extensively in the literature and either share the foundations of the theories and practices discussed in our course or amplify them.They are presented here in the hopes that students will have an interest in digging deeper in their research for the final project and/or that they will refer back to them in their ongoing development as leaders. All have been searched in our EBSCO database and we include ISSN Numbers here for your ease of retrieval. We hope they contribute to your learning about Change Management and Leadership. Beer, M. & Nohria, N. (May/June 2000). Cracking the Code of Change. Harvard Business review, 78(3), 133-141 ISSN 00178012 Christensen, C. Overdorf, M. (March/April 2000). Meeting the Challenge of Disruptive Change. Harvard Business Review, 78 (2), 66-76. ISSN 00178012 Beer, M. Eisenstat, R. & Spector, B. (November/December 1990). Why Change Programs Don’t Produce Change. Harvard Business Review, 68 (6), 158-166. ISSN 00178012 Mintzberg, H. (July/August 1987). Crafting Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 65 (4), 66-75. ISSN 00178012 Collins, J. C. & Porras, J. I. (1996, September/October). Building your company’s vision. Harvard Business Review, 74(5), 65-78.ISSN 00178012 Nadler, D. & Tushman, M. (August, 1987). Organizational Frame Bending: Principles for Managing Reorientation. Academy of Management Executive, 3 (3), 194-204. ISSN 08963789 Peiperl, M. & Baruch, Y. (Spring, 1997) Back to Square Zero: The Post-Corporate Career Organizational Dynamics, 25 (4), 6-22. ISSN 00902616 Orlikowski, W. & Hufman, D. (Winter 1997) An Improvisational Model for Change Management: the Case of Groupware Technologies. Sloan Management Review, 38 ( 2), 11-21. ISSN 0019848X

Anthem Analysis Essay

anthem is a novel which describes a in store(predicate) in which flock go for unconnected all wisdom of individualism, to the point where people dont even manipulation the words I or me. It is a tribute to bingles ego, as in the value of individualism and ones uniqueness. By the end of the novel, the principal(prenominal) division, Prometheus, comes to watch that their battle is one that is unacceptable to loose. The liberty that they died to save crumb never pass a right smart. Every humans inner-self will always desire independence, which cant be killed by whatsoever leader, dictator, or ruler similar the association in which they lived in. The golf club claimed that all of his actions were ungodlinesss, overdue to the fact they wanted everybody in the society to be an compeer, and they dont alike(p) it when people strive more than others, like Prometheus did. He decided to choose how to live, sort of of letting someone choose for him. That is what Prometheus grew to learn, that granting immunity is necessary, and cant be shattered, and that is wherefore it is impossible to loose their battle.The originator, Ayn Rand, made that take up in this novel, while portraying verbalism, syntax, and figures of speech. Rand engrosss diction in the novel to state that it is reasoned to be an individual instead of existence a image of a matching set. Our name is equation We argon twenty We are six feet We were born, is a symbol of unity that the author shows us in the novel, she uses plural pronouns such as we, our, their, etc., whenever she means one person because the federation in the novel treats everyone as an equal and singular pronouns do not exist. Prometheus calls atomic number 32 The Golden One to emphasize that she is unalike from the others, he actually looks at her otherwise than he does to other men, which is a sin in the community because you may not love one person in specific, you must love all your brothers equally. shrewd the word Ego is the best way to understand the concept of this novel.Ayn Rand uses the word, Ego to evidence self individualism, your ego is something that makes u surplus from anyone else, it defines you as someone that is hard-hitting, and thats what the author is portraying. The author uses syntax to help the contributor understand the tone, and develop the main characters understanding of his actions. The quote, We shall not address our find to the City Council. We shall not extend it to any men. turn outs that Prometheus felt that if he inform the burrow to the city, past he would go for letting them walk all over the community, and decides to keep it to himself because he wanted freedom for once. The author writes, This God, this one word I as a symbol of his appraise to the word, it emphasizes his first real taste of freedom.The use of anaphora is illustrated at the beginning of chapter 12 when the main character, Prometheus, keeps repeating the word I to s how that he truly outright knows the meaning of the word, to be an individual. Ayn Rand uses figures of speech to demonstrate that individualism is a huge part of life, and everybody should take on it no matter what, and helps understand the characters more thoroughly. The author uses allusion when she gives the main characters, Equality and Liberty, the names Prometheus and atomic number 32. Prometheus stole fire from the gods, and gave it to the humans, and Gaea was the mother of earth and of all gods. ridicule is demonstrated in the novel when Prometheus duologue about how he felt halcyon when he was committing sins while he was in a dark and lonely tunnel working on his experiments, but then he feels sad and depressed whenever he is in the white, bright room, with all of his brothers. individualisation is a huge part of someone, it identifies you as someone distinct than anyone else, and it is what makes you surplus. If you dont have individualism then you tycoon as well not have a face, youre not unalike from anyone else, you are a person that has no true identity, and is identical to everyone else. Individualism allows you to have a name, unlike the story, that also makes you distinct from anyone else. The novel, Anthem, is an incredible story that makes you realize that you are unique in your own special way, and that everyone deserves freedom of who they truly are no matter what.