Reading and write essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Reading and write - Essay Example Other scholars argue that, focus on population should rest upon the government, and its role will be to plan, and regulate the human reproductive activities (Weeks, 9). The media plays a role in this debate. It highlights circumstances where there is environmental degradation, and relates the situation to destructive activities of mankind. This is because man is looking for new habitats, and to get them, he has to clear forests or interfere with water catchment areas. The media equates this to a rise in population. This paper seeks to explain what this debate is about, and what it means. This paper explains where the main focus should be on, and the reasons. It has a concluder, which highlights the harmful effects of technological innovations as opposed to population growth. The last 100 years has seen a growth in population, due to technological innovations in medicine and agriculture (Weeks, 31). The rise in population is also as a result of an improvement on the living conditions of mankind brought about by the industrial revolution. This saw a degradation of the environment, in search of raw materials to satisfy the various industries in Europe. On this note, the environment population debate is an argument on the role of the population growth in the destruction of the natural resources. These resources are either minerals, fuels, forests, lakes and rivers, or even the climate. The debate takes place in two levels, the macro level, and the micro level (Weeks, 27). The Macro involves large units of analysis, such as the state, the region and the globe. This debate focuses on the role of governments and multi-national corporations in regard to protecting the environment (Weeks, 29). For instance, large companies in China, for purposes of making profits, they increase the emission of carbon in the air, causing the destruction of the ozone layer. On this

The computer will be back soon Essay Example for Free

The computer will be back soon Essay Scrooge knows he is perfectly capable of helping the Cratchits a great deal, but he again cant bear to part with his precious money. Scrooge is like a magpie, he has so much money but just likes hording it, he doesnt try to make his life more comfortable or indeed anyone elses, he just likes having in his possession. On Christmas Eve as Cratchit was getting ready to leave Scrooge exclaimed in an accusing accusation manner that Cratchit would be wanting Christmas off I suppose . . . which Cratchit replayed to as politely as possible that indeed he would be wanting Christmas off. Scrooge got quite angry, at the fact that he would have to pay a days wages without getting any work done. To which Cratchit replied that it was only once a year. A poor excuse for picking a mans pocket every twenty-fifth of December! Said Scrooge, buttoning his greatcoat to the chin. But I suppose you must have the whole day. Be here all the earlier next morning! This just shows how Scrooge has not one drop of Christmas Spirit or charity. He doesnt take in to account that Bob Cratchit is very hard working, doesnt complain, works in terrible conditions and puts up with a deplorable wage even for Victorian times, and in return he asks for one day off a year so he can spend a day with his family. You can see from this that Dickens was putting a strong contrast between the selfish miserly Scrooge, and the loving, caring Bob Cratchit. Some of Dickens message is shown here, showing how Scrooges money doesnt buy him happiness, because he is dismal and lost the love of his life, to his obsession in money. She was called Belle who was a beautiful girl who Scrooge really loved when he was young. But Belle broke off the engagement when Scrooge changed and was becoming more and more obsessed in money. This is shown in the following quotation our contract is an old one. It was made when we were both poor and content to be so Compared to Bob Cratchit who is a happy family man, who shares everything he has (which is very little) but lives life to the full and treasures everything he has. He has everything he wants, a happy family and a loving wife. He may be poor and struggle to put food on the table, but he knows that money doesnt buy happiness. Also on Christmas Eve two charity gentlemen walked into his office. The charity gentlemen are being very polite and are just trying to get money together, no matter how small, for the poor. At first Scrooge uses sarcastic humour and then he just becomes very blunt and rude. Refusing to give them a penny. They try to explain that the poor are desperate and that they have nowhere to go, but Scrooge comes back with a comment that haunts him throughout the book. Are there no prisons? asked Scrooge. And the Union workhouses? demanded Scrooge. Are they still in operation? The Treadmill and the Poor Law are in full vigour, they? said Scrooge. This passage shows just how cold and unconcerned he is. He doesnt care how awful these people lives are. That they would prefer to die then go to all these horrid places that Scrooge is talking about. If they would rather die, said Scrooge, they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. He isnt even slightly embarrassed that he isnt giving to the poor and being so rude to the gentlemen. He is just so convinced that these people are scum, and as far as he is concerned he would prefer it if they were dead to decrease the surplus population. In Stave 1 Marley who was Scrooges good and only friend as an adult, visits Scrooge as a ghost. Marley has a very meaningful message for Scrooge it is a very big part in Dickens message that he is trying to convey throughout the book. In the book when Marley comes to Scrooge he explains that if we do not make the most of our lives on earth, by giving, sharing etc then we have to do so after death, we have to wander the world regretting not helping and being a good person wanting to help but not being able to do so and never being to rest for eternity. That the spirit within him should walk abroad among his fellow men, and travel far and wide; and if that spirit goes not froth in life, it is condemned to do so after death. Also that the spirit cannot be happy because its not aloud to rest, stay of linger anywhere it has to watch what it could have had done on earth. Doomed to wander through the world oh, woe is me! And witness what it cannot share, but might have shared on earth, and turned to happiness! Marley then goes on to talk about his chain that has a very strong meaning as well. The chain is all the bad things we have done in life, we then have to carry it when we are dead, and each bad thing is one link. The chain shows how the acts of our life come back to haunt us, so if we are good people we have nothing to fear when we die but if we have been selfish and un-charitable, we have to change now and redeem our selves or pay for eternity. I wear the chain I forged in life, replied the ghost. I made it link by link, and yard by yard; I girded it on of my own free will, and of my own free will I wore it. Fezzywig was Scrooges employer from when he left school. Fezzywig is a popular and vibrant, generous man as well as an employer. Fezzywig shows what power an employer has. He has the power to make his employers content and happy or make their lives hard and desperate. Fezzywig was famous for his Christmas parties. A good example of Fezzywigs character is nearly every good but often poor person was welcome to his parties. Fezzywig knew that it wasnt the amount of money you have that makes you a good or a bad person but whats inside the person that counts. This moral Dickens clearly puts across in this stave when the ghost of Christmas Past, shows Scrooge how Fezzywig made a difference, it wasnt on a worldly scale but it had an effect on all the people that worked for him, it made there lives better and easier. Compared to Scrooge who doesnt care about anyone and how as a consequence his employee was having a hard life, unnecessarily. The lesson was that treat others how you would wont to be treated and how even the smallest kind acts can make a difference on a much larger scale. This is why Scrooge says to the Ghost He has the power to render us happy of unhappy; to make our service light or burdensome; a pleasure or toil. Scrooge then goes and says The happiness he gives, is quite as great as if it cost a fortune. The ghost of Christmas present showed Scrooge the Cratchit family. (The family of Bob Cratchit, Scrooges employee.) The ghost took Scrooge here to watch just how loving, caring and happy this family was in spite of being very poor, due to Scrooge paying Bob Cratchit an appalling wage. The whole family love and cherish each other, even though can hardly afford enough food for them all, and Tiny Tim the youngest is a cripple. Peter might have known, and very likely did, the inside of a pawnbroker. But they were happy, grateful, pleased with one another, and contented with the time; This family shows so many lessons that Scrooge at this point in the storey needed to learn. Through the Cratchit family Dickens conveys quite an important message. The Cratchits show, that money doesnt bring happiness, and there are more important things that money; like family and love. Despite all their problems, they are happy. Compared to Scrooge who is very well off for the time, but is a miserable, cold man who nobody loves. From this Scrooge started to realise what he was missing out on and how wrong he had been, thinking that the poor were worthless. This is shown in the book when Scrooge asks the ghost if Tiny Tim will live and the ghost shoots back at him his own words. If he be like to die, he had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. Tiny Tim is a very strong character. Dickens is trying to show through him about appertaining what you have and to make the most of life. Even though Tiny Tim is a cripple and doesnt have long to live he is still happy and unselfish. He is showing what every good Christian should be like. After the Cratchit family the ghost showed Scrooge other people across the world that are in very desperate situations, with hardly anything to keep them happy or in good spirit. But just the fact that its Christmas gives them hope. The ghost takes Scrooge to the hut of a miners, the keepers of the light house, who wish each other a Merry Christmas because its the one thing they can hold on to, the ship at sea reminds them of their families at home and at Scrooges nephews home everyone is cheerful even though they are not well off and are playing games reminding Scrooge of his youth, sickbeds, foreign lands, Almshouses, hospitals and jails. From the folding of the Ghost of Christmas Presents robes came two children. These children were wretched, abject, frightful, hideous, miserable, The ghost told Scrooge that these children were Mans. This is because man hasnt helped and just watches them grow in society. There boy is ignorance and the girl is want. The ghost said to watch out for them, but most of all to watch out for the boy because on his forehead it says Doom, unless something is done about it, this is because Ignorance breeds doom. Beware them both, and all of their degree, but most of all beware this boy, for on his brow I see that written which is Doom, unless the writing is eased. Dickens is putting another message across here; by ignoring these children it will just get worse and worse, which will spiral out of control. It is mans duty to help the ignorant and the poor because they are mans future. Ignore them and have a bad future with greed, poverty etc or deal with them and prosper in the future. After the ghosts have left Scrooge wakes up to find that its Christmas day, he has now leant all his lessons. He jumps out of bed because he realises how lucky he is in everyway and that hes lucky that the ghosts did visit him because he still has time to redeem himself and make up for lost time. He realises he wont be able to change things like Belle and so forth but that he can help in many ways. The first thing he does is get the biggest and the best turkey and sends it to the Cratchits. He then goes to his nephew Freds house to celebrate Christmas with them, because he now realised that Christmas was far from a humbug. From that moment on Scrooge changed and became the best man he could be. Scrooge was better than his word. He became as good a friend, as good a master, and as good a man, as the good old city knew. In conclusion to this essay, the message to A Christmas Carol that Dickens is trying to convey in all the different ways is mainly that we are equal, nobody is more important than anyone else even if one person is a millionaire and the other lives on the streets. That we should love and look out for each other Love thy neighbour as thyself. After all, this book is also about Christmas spirit and to be a good Christian. To give to the less fortunate then yourself. Also that money cant make happiness that happiness can be found by being a good person and to love everyone no matter what there situation is. We should live our lives to the full and be grateful for what we have, and not always wishing we had more therefore never being content with what we do have. There is always someone worse off than ourselves. That being selfish and greedy, gets us nowhere, which one day we will regrette. But that its never to let to change and help others.

Prehistoric Culture Culture in the Stone Age

Prehistoric Culture Culture in the Stone Age CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: Prehistory is a term used to denote the long period of time before people began making written records. Some people believe that prehistoric people had lived on earth for millions of years before writing was invented more than 5,000 years ago. Recent finds of prehistoric fossils have led some scientists to believe that the first hominids, or human like creatures may have appeared in Africa seven million years ago. They think that a large range of different hominid species developed over the next millions of years. Some scientists think that the first species of Homo, the genus to which humans belong, emerged about 2.5 million years ago and that their successors eventually began making stone tools, mastering the use of fire, living in cave entrances and simple shelters. Scientists hold that modern humans first appeared in Africa more than 160,000 years ago, eventually leaving that continent to spread across the whole world. In Europe, they are thought to have lived at the same time as another species, the Neanderthals. When the Neanderthals died out, modern humans became the only hominids left on earth. Some of our hunter gatherer ancestors eventually took up farming, and their early settlements gradually grew into cities and formed the basis for the first civilizations on earth. After people found time to devote to art, religion and trade, the invention of writing finally marked the end of the prehistoric period. Prehistory is about sets of sites, artifacts and landscapes from the past which we try to understand in the present, putting the evidence we have in the context of their contemporary environments, both physical and social. The chronological scheme for understanding prehistory, the so called Three Age System, was mainly developed in Europe. The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory into three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies; the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The Stone Age was divided into two by the start of farming, with the Old Stone Age(Paleolithic, with its own three divisions-lower, middle and upper) succeeded by the New Stone Age(Neolithic). The metal age of bronze and iron(the Mesolithic Age), it was thought saw the development of tribal societies with sophisticated farming and the ability to build monuments like hill forts or create metal objects. Some of humans greatest achievements were made by prehistoric people. They created the worlds first languages, and learned to make tools and clothes and to control fire. They invented art, religion, farming, boats, and the wheel. Prehistoric people also settled the world, from the Arctic to the deserts of Australia. All the evidence that we have for our prehistoric past comes from material remains-objects and sites-that ancient people have left behind. It is the task of archaeologists to find and interpret this evidence. Many prehistoric sites have been discovered by accident, such as Seahenge in England, an ancient wooden monument revealed by the tide in 1998. Other prehistoric features, including standing stones and burial mounds, stand out in the landscape. The first question archaeologists ask about any prehistoric site is, How old is it?. 1.1 WHAT IS CULTURE ? Term traditionally used in prehistoric archaeology to define a specific collection of portable material objects, most often stone and bone tools, that exhibit similarity in a number of variables and that are found within a delimited region and time period. Culture also refers to a shared system of learned behaviors, passed on through several generations and thus characteristic of particular groups or communities. In this sense, there is considerable debate over whether humans are the only living primate species with culture, and, if so, when culture first appeared. At one extreme, only anatomically modern humans are considered to have possessed culture; at the other, chimpanzees and even certain species of cercepithecoid monkeys (macaques, baboons) are described as exhibiting culture in the form of long-term learned behavioral differences between populations. 1.2 EVOLUTION: The theory that living things evolve with time, giving rise to new species, was first proposed in the 1790s by English scientist Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802). But there was no convincing explanation as to exactly how a species might evolve. Then, in 1859, Erasmuss grandson Charles Darwin (1809-1882) published The Origin of Species, in which he explained that evolution was driven by a process he called natural selection. Darwins theory led to the conclusion that humans and apes had evolved from a common ancestor. Hominization is the evolutionary process that results in the present human being. It was a very long process. The first ancestors of the human beings appeared about five million years ago. We call them Australopithecus. They were quite similar to chimpanzees. Two million years ago a new human species called Homo Habilis appeared. They made tools of stone and lived on hunting and gathering. Homo Habilis and Australopithecus lived in Africa. Homo erectus appeared a million and a half years ago. They were similar to Homo habilis but they made more perfect tools. They had a greater technological development. This species discovered and learned how to use fire. Home erectus remains have been found out of Africa, in Europe andAsia. Homo antecessor is an extinct human species discovered in the Atapuerca site ( Spain). He appeared about 800,000 years ago. Most probably he is the oldest European. He is a common ancestor of Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. Then, about 100,000 years ago Homo sapiens appeared. This species is divided into two subtypes: Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis or Neanderthal man and Homo sapiens sapiens. Neanderthal man looked like us but he was more robust and sturdy. This species became extinct. Homo sapiens sapiens is the species we belong to. Archaeologists have found remains of Homo sapiens in America and Australia. The continent where human beings first appeared is Africa. Homo erectus were the first human beings to leave Africa. Their remains have been found in Asia, Europe and Africa. In America and Australia, there are no remains of Homo erectus.The only vestiges that archaeologists have found there belong to Homo sapiens. There are several characteristics that make human beings different from other similar species: they invent tools thanks to the evolution of their intellect; they can walk on two legs (biped walk) so they can work with their hands; they have an opposable thumb, which, for example, allows them to make tools or write; and., finally, the fact that learning is possible because human beings develop a symbolic language and have a long childhood. Homo Neanderthalensis Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens Austrelopithecus The basic timeline of Prehistory is dominated by the so-called Old Stone Age or Paleolithic era, which lasted (roughly) from 1,600,000 until 10,000 BCE. It spans three periods: (1) Lower Paleolithic (2,500,000-200,000 BCE) (2) Middle Paleolithic (200,000-30,000 BCE) (3) Upper Paleolithic (40,000-10,000 BCE). After this comes a transitional phase called the Mesolithic period (sometimes known as epipaleolithic), ending with the spread of agriculture, followed by the Neolithic period (the New Stone Age) which witnessed the establishment of permanent settlements. The Stone Age ends as stone tools become superseded by the new products of bronze and iron metallurgy, and is followed by the Bronze and Iron ages. CHAPTER 2: PALEOLITHIC AGE: The period, also known as the stone age, encompasses the first widespread use of technology-as humans progressed from simpler to more complex developmental stages-and the spread of humanity from the savannas of East Africa to the rest of the world. It is generally said to have begun approximately 500,000 years ago and to have ended about 6,000 B.C.E. It ends with the development of agriculture, the domestication of certain animals, and the smelting of copper ore to produce metal. It is termed pre-historical, since humanity had not yet started writing-which is seen as the traditional start of (recorded) history. Knowledge of human life at this time is confined to generalities. Scientists do not have records of individual lives or of the achievements of individual contributors to human development. As technology enabled humans to settle in larger numbers, however, more rules were needed to regulate life, which gave rise to ethical codes. Religious belief, reflected in cave art, also be came more sophisticated. Death and burial rites evolved. As hunting and gathering gave way to agriculture and as some people became artisans, trading implements they produced, even larger settlements, such as Jericho, appear. Art and music also developed as some people had more time for leisure. Human society emerged as more self-consciously collective. People became aware that they faced the same challenges, so co-operation was better than competition. In the early Paleolithic period, each clan or family group regarded themselves as the people to the exclusion of others. Strangers may not even have been thought of as human. With settlement, this changed and community identity became more important than individual identity. 2.1 MATERIAL CULTURE DURING THE PALEOLITHIC ERA: IMPLEMENTS AND TOOLS: Implements are essentially an extension of human limbs-the extension of the fist and tooth with the stone ; the arm with the stick; the hand or mouth with a bag or basket. If an implement such as a stone, picked up and thrown, is the beginning of human technical process, that progress becomes unlimited once the tool is developed. The tool-the implement to make implements-creates the possibility of producing far more different types of implements than could by simply selected from nature. The process of making tools, first by chipping from stone, then by grinding, and finally from metal by hammering and casting, underlies all our modern techniques of dealing physically with material objects. Through the practice of tool making, men learned the mechanical properties of many natural products and thus laid the basis for physical science. Paleolithic means Old Stone. In the Paleeolithic objects were made of stone, wood and animal bones. Most objects were made of stone and that is why this period was also called Stone Age. The technique to make tools and objects out of stone was very simple. They knocked two stones together until they got small pieces from one of them. These pieces became cutting objects. They used them to hunt and cut animal skins and meat. Examples of objects made of wood and animal bones are: harpoons, needles and lances CLOTHING: Partly from the need to carry things about, at first only food and implements, came the custom of attaching objects more or less permanently to the body, wherever a convenient hold could be made, in the hair, round the neck, waist, wrists and ankles. These attachments tended to become distinctive and ornamental. Feathers, bones and skins were added. Then came the crucial discovery that furry skin helped to keep people warm on cold nights and in winters. From this came clothes, first in isolated skin, cloaks and skirts then sew and tailored garments. FOOD: Food sources of the early hunter-gatherer humans of the Paleolithic Age included both animals and plants that were part of the natural environment in which these humans lived, often animal organ meats, including the liver, kidneys, and brains. They consumed little dairy food or carbohydrate-rich plant foods like legumes or cereal grains. Current research indicates that two-thirds of the energy was derived from animal foods. FIRE AND COOKERY: Fire was discovered about half a million years ago. For human beings in the Paleolithic Age it was one of the most important discoveries. The climate was extremely cold and with fire they could heat and light their caves, cook their food and frighten wild animals away. How man came across fire and why he dared to tame and feed it is yet to be discovered. The preservation and propagation of fire must at first have been frightening, hazardous and difficult. At first it must have been used to warm the body on cold nights. Cooking could only have come once the camp fire had become an established custom. Just as the tool is the basis of physical and mechanical science, so is fire the basis of chemical science. First of all came the very simple and essentially chemical practice of cooking. It is from the accidental use of fire that the more specifically controllable and scientific uses of fire in pottery and later in metal-making first arose. It was not very difficult to roast meat on sticks, but boiling represents a real problem, the solution of which was to lead to further great advances. The crucial discovery, was that by coating a basket with thick clay it could be put on the fire and actually improved in the process. In time it was discovered, probably towards the end of the Old Stone Age, that the basket could be dispensed with and clay pottery made that would hold water and stand fire. PRIMITIVE ART: For this, we have the evidence of the most detailed knowledge of nature possessed today by all tribes still in the hunting phase and by the large part that animal dances play in their ceremonies. All this is shown by widely dispersed cave paintings, drawings and sculptures, which are almost exclusively of animals. These representations don not stop at the outside of the animal, often bones, heart and entrails are also shown giving evidence of the origin of anatomy arising from the cutting up of game. A rock painting at Bhimbetka, India, a World heritage site. 2.2 SOCIAL BASIS OF PRIMITIVE LIFE: LANGUAGE: The cooperation of several individuals in the pursuit of food with their bare hands or with unshaped sticks and stones is possible only by the use of gesture or words. Early language must have mainly dealt with the getting of food, including the movements of people and the making and using of implements. Language must have been, from the very beginning, almost entirely arbitrary and conventional. In each community the meaning of sounds had to win acceptance and be fixed by tradition into a complete language capable of dealing with the totality of material and social life. FOOD GATHERING AND HUNTING: DIVISION OF LABOUR The general ecological character of the human groups was determined at first almost exclusively, later very largely by how they got their food. To begin with they must have collected anything they could eat-seeds, nuts, fruit, roots, insects etc. All primitive people still surviving have passed into the next stage where food gathering is supplemented by hunting large animals. The necessarily small social groups of the early Stone Age maintained their continuity through the women, while the young men for the most part must have gone off and mated with girls of other groups to which they then attached themselves. This corresponded to an economic division in which the women collected fruits, nuts, grains while men caught game and fish. The further development of big game hunting a mans business increased mans importance as a prime food-getter. It may be that this, combined with the extra strength, aggressiveness and skill that went with it, led towards the end of the Stone Age to the dominance of men over women. RELIGIOUS/BURIAL CUSTOMS: A number of archeologists propose that Middle Paleolithic societies such as Neanderthal societies may also have practiced the earliest form of totemism or animal worship. Animal cults in the following Upper Paleolithic period, such as the bear cult, may have had their origins in these hypothetical Middle Paleolithic animal cults. The oldest known burials can be attributed to the Middle Paleolithic Period. The corpses, accompanied by stone tools and parts of animals, were laid in holes in the ground and sometimes the corpses were especially protected. In some cases, the findings give the impression that the dead were to be held onto. Whether or not that meant that the dead were to be cared for lovingly or that their return was to be feared, it implies, in any case, a belief in life after death in some form. But it is not necessary to infer a belief in separate souls; rather, it could also indicate the concept of a living corpse. SACRIFICES: Sacrifices (i.e., the presentation of offerings to higher beings or to the dead) appear as early as the Middle Paleolithic Period. Pits with some animal bones have been found in the vicinity of burial sites; thus, it is a likely possibility that they represent offerings to the dead. There is a dispute over the interpretation of the arrangement of the skulls and long bones of bears, since they are deposited in such a manner that it is hardly possible to discern a profane explanation. It is assumed that they had a cultic or magical significance. Most likely, certain parts of the prey, such as the head and the meaty shanks, or at least the bones with brain and marrow, were sacrificed. Even if it cannot be definitely stated who the recipient of these sacrifices was, analogies with present-day primitive phenomena make it likely that a part of the prey was offered to a higher being who was believed to dispense nourishment. CHAPTER 3: MESOLITHIC ERA: The Mesolithic period is a transitional era between the ice-affected hunter-gatherer culture of the Upper Paleolithic, and the farming culture of the Neolithic. The greater the effect of the retreating ice on the environment of a region, the longer the Mesolithic era lasted. So, in areas with no ice (eg. the Middle East), people transitioned quite rapidly from hunting/gathering to agriculture. Their Mesolithic period was therefore short, and often referred to as the Epi-Paleolithic or Epipaleolithic. By comparison, in areas undergoing the change from ice to no-ice, the Mesolithic era and its culture lasted much longer. The Mesolithic is characterized in most areas by small composite flint tools microliths and microburins. Fishing tackle, stone adzes and wooden objects, e.g. canoes and bows, have been found at some sites MESOLITHIC CULTURES: As the ice disappeared, to be replaced by grasslands and forests, mobility and flexibility became more important in the hunting and acquisition of food. As a result, Mesolithic cultures are characterized by small, lighter flint tools, quantities of fishing tackle, stone adzes, bows and arrows. Very gradually, at least in Europe, hunting and fishing was superceded by farming and the domestication of animals. The three main European Mesolithic cultures are: Azilian, Tardenoisian and Maglemosian. Azilian was a stone industry, largely microlithic, associated with Ofnet Man. Tardenoisian, associated with Tardenoisian Man, produced small flint blades and small flint implements with geometrical shapes, together with bone harpoons using flint flakes as barbs. Maglemosian (northern Europe) was a bone and horn culture, producing flint scrapers, borers and core-axes. MESOLITHIC ROCK ART: Artworks created during the Mesolithic period reflect the arrival of new living conditions and hunting practices caused by the disappearance of the great herds of animals from Spain and France, at the end of the Ice Age. Forests now cloaked the landscape, necessitating more careful and cooperative hunting arrangements. European Mesolithic rock art gives more space to human figures, and is characterized by keener observation, and greater narrative in the paintings. Also, because of the warmer weather, it moves from caves to outdoor sites in numerous locations across Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia and the Americas. For example, in Africa, a number of bushman rock paintings were found in the Waterberg area which date from about 8,000 BCE. In India, the paintings in the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, derive from Mesolithic artists. A good deal of Australian Aboriginal art (eg. from Arnhem Land) dates from Mesolithic as well as Paleolithic periods. Most of the Aborigines ancient artwork i s stylized rock painting, often executed in a symbolic or abstract manner as many were created from a birds eye view. MESOLITHIC SCULPTURE: As well as these stylized cave paintings, the Mesolithic era also featured more 3-D art, including bas-reliefs and free standing sculpture. Early examples of the latter include the anthropomorphic figurines, typically embellished by animals, uncovered in Nevali Cori and GÃ ¶bekli Tepe near Urfa in eastern Asia Minor (now Turkey), dating to 9,000 BCE. The mesolithic statues of Lepenski Vir (eg. The Fish God) in Serbia date from about 5,000 BCE and depict either humans or hybrid figures, part-human, part-fish. MESOLITHIC DECORATIVE CRAFTS: Other examples of this type of new portable art include adornments, like bracelets and painted pebbles, together with decorative drawings on functional objects like paddles and weapons. Ceramic art was also developed, notably by the Jomon culture an early highpoint of Japanese Art whose sophisticated pots have been dated to the 11th millennium BCE. Their clay figures and vessels were typically decorated with patterns created by impressing the wet clay body with cord and sticks. Chinese pottery begins during the Mesolithic period. MESOLITHIC MASTERPIECE: The Thinker From Cernavoda (5000 BCE) One extraordinary example of Neolithic art is the sculpture known as the Thinker From Cernavoda (c.5,000 BCE), discovered in the lower Danube in Romania. It belongs to the Hamangia culture, usually classified as a Neolithic culture practised in Dobruja (Romania and Bulgaria) on the right bank of the Danube in Muntenia, and in the south, but may be connected with mesolithic hunter-gatherers. The uniqueness of the sculpture stems from the fact that the figure is neither a hunting or fertility idol, but simply sits in deep thought. A near-perfect illustration of a thinking Neolithic man. CHAPTER 4: NEOLITHIC OR NEW STONE AGE: Neolithic means New Stone Age. This was a period of primitive technological and social development, toward the end of the Stone Age. Beginning in the 10th millennium BCE (12,000 BP), the Neolithic period saw the development of early villages, agriculture, animal domestication, tools and the onset of the earliest recorded incidents of warfare It is characterized by the discovery of stone implements that were polished, and, in particular, the stone axe that was bound to a wooden handle. There were also numerous arrow-heads that were found. Also found was the beginning of a sort of agriculture, as well as the use of plants and seeds. Evidences of hunting revealed that there were hunters among Neolithic humans. There is also evidence revealing the domestication of animals, such as dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Hunters began tending the herds that they hunted. Also discovered are evidences of pottery, plaiting and weaving. In the Mesolithic period, people built up knowledge about harvesting wild foods. In the Middle East, they specialized in gathering the seeds of wild grasses. Between 10,000 and 9000 bce, people learned how to store and sow seeds of plants, which then changed as a result of human selection. Wild wheat has brittle stalks that shatter when ripe, releasing grains to be spread by the wind. People harvested wheat with larger, intact ears, which stayed longer on the plant and eventually created a new wheat with heads that no longer shattered. People also began to control the breeding of animals, such as sheep. They had become farmers. This new period of prehistory is called the Neolithic (New Stone) Age. 4.1 VILLAGE AND RIVER CULTURE: The characteristic economic and cultural unit of the Neolithic age is the village. Village economy is strictly limited in scope and possibility of change. Even where it involves thousands of people, as in some African villages today, it remains an economy in which nearly all the people are occupied most of the time in agricultural pursuits or in the production of locally made and locally used goods. The first step towards larger scale of operations occurred when people tried to practice agriculture in the wide alluvial valleys of rivers which flowed in their lower courses through aris lands. They may have started from the low river banks where seeds could be sown in the wet mud and then gradually cut back the marshes and cleared the river channels. Alternatively, the practice of agriculture in small upland valleys may simply have been pushed downstream step by step into the great valleys. In some such way, a new kind of agriculture based first on natural then on artificial irrigation came into being. 4.2 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: During most of the Neolithic age, people lived in small tribes of 150-2000 members that were composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms similar to Polynesian societies such as the Ancient Hawaiians, most Neolithic societies were relatively simple and egalitarian. However, Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them and Hunter-gatherer cultures in general. The domestication of animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock, and this made economic inequalities more pronou nced. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION: We can conclude by saying that Prehistoric culture refers to human evolution and development that occurred before the discovery of writing. For a short cut, this period is sometimes called the Stone Age. As the sciences of Geology, Paleontology, Anthropology and Archeology have developed, they have, by our time produced a vast, complex body of knowledge about the dawn of the human mind. If we correctly evaluate modern discoveries and proposed hypotheses, it can help us understand human nature and shed light on modern human problems. What is the role of reason in the life of mankind. Question One. What does our current knowledge about prehistoric times tell us about the use of reason in the prehistoric culture? Question Two: How do we use our personal, modern day reason in order to answer Question One. In order to examine the role of reason in prehistoric times, it first behooves us to understand the role of reason in our own lives here and now.

Hybird Cars Essay -- Gasoline Electric Hybrid Automobiles

A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive power. This most commonly refers to gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles, which use gasoline (petrol) to power internal-combustion engines (ICEs), and electric batteries to power electric motors. Modern mass-produced hybrids, such as the Toyota Prius, recharge their batteries by capturing kinetic energy via regenerative braking. As well, when cruising or idling, some of the output of the combustion engine is fed to a generator (merely the electric motor(s) running in generator mode[1]) which produces electricity to charge the batteries. This contrasts with all-electric cars which use batteries charged by an external source such as the grid, or a range extending trailer. Nearly all hybrids still require gasoline as their sole fuel source though diesel and other fuels such as ethanol or plant based oils have also seen occasional use. The term hybrid when used in relation with cars also has other uses. Prior to its modern meaning of hybrid propulsion, the word hybrid was used in the United States to mean a vehicle of mixed national origin; generally, a European car fitted with American mechanical components. This meaning has fallen out of use. In the import scene, hybrid was often used to describe an engine swap, such as the common Honda B16 engine into a Honda Civic. Some have also referred to flexible-fuel vehicles as hybrids because they can use a mixture of different fuels Ââ€" typically gasoline and ethanol alcohol fuel. A more recent working prototype was built by Herman Wouk's brother Victor Wouk (known as the Godfather of the Hybrid[2]) into a 1972 Buick Skylark provided by GM for the 1970 Federal Clean Car Incentive Program, but the program was killed by the... ... as a 2007 model. It will be built in Kentucky, USA. Also, Nissan announced the release of the Altima hybrid (technology supplied by Toyota) around 2007. An R.L. Polk survey of 2003 model year cars showed that hybrid car registrations in the United States rose to 43,435 cars, a 25.8 % increase from 2002 numbers. California, the nation's most populous state at one-eighth of the total population, had the most hybrid cars registered: 11,425. The proportionally high number may be partially due to the state's higher gasoline prices and stricter emissions rules, which hybrids generally have little trouble passing. Honda, which offers Insight, Civic and Accord hybrids, sold 26,773 hybrids in the first 11 months of 2004. Toyota has sold a cumulative 306,862 hybrids between 1997 and Nov. 2004 and Honda has sold a total of 81,867 hybrids between 1999 and November 2004.[6]

Tourism Has Increased Quickly Since 1950

There are a variety of reasons for the increase in tourism levels. First and foremost, things have changed over time, socially and economically. In the 1950’s, very few families had a car, now almost every family have at least one car, if not multiple vehicles. This means that people can drive to airports, to ferry ports, etc. Another reason is due to employment laws; there has been a huge increase in leisure time. This is down to more people receiving paid annual leave (4 weeks on average), people are working less hours for more money so have a higher disposable income and also lots of families have two ‘wage-earners’.Lots of people are now taking early retirement and have generous pensions so can spend their savings on holidays. Another massive factor responsible for the increase in tourism is change in technology. There have been huge advances in aircraft development and additionally, motorways. The Euro tunnel also provides a link between England and France, g iving tourists the option of driving to their destination instead of flying or by boat. All this is furthered by the alternative of book holidays and tours online, instead of going into a travel agent.This also gives people the opportunity to research locations before booking their holiday. Finally, and maybe most importantly, there is the actual growth and expansion of the holidays and tours offered. Because of the demand for different holidays, travel companies have created many ‘tailor-made’ and budget friendly holidays, such as package tours and adventure breaks that cater for a wide variety of tourists such as families, couples and students.Package holidays particularly attract families on a tight budget who are looking for a holiday that is both enjoyable and affordable. With lots of travel businesses now offering eco-tourism, tourists are being attracted to the idea of embracing local culture and lifestyle without damaging the environment. Overall, the increase i n tourism since the 1950’s is due to multiple factors that, when combined, have made national and international travel much more accessible to a wider range of people.

Different Style of Learning

Different Styles of Learning By Jason D. Himel COLL100 DO41 WIN 13 American Military University Maureen Horowitz As individuals I found we all learn in many different ways. You have from people learning on-line while other attends a class room environment. Some people are hands on learners while others can read an assignment and retain the information very well. When I first started this exercise I thought to myself how I learn the material I am trying to obtain. After taking all four of the surveys and completing the exercises I found it very interesting the breakdown of my learner abilities.In all the styles and ways of learning I found that I am a visual learner. As a visual learner I prefer hands on training, taking lots of notes, and visual seeing the big picture and then breaking down the picture while trying to understand how it all comes together. But being a visual learner doesn’t really stop here. I decided to go further into detail to see what a visual learner means to me. I have decided to seek a college degree to prepare myself for the future and prepare myself for the new chapter in life. I only have about two years remaining in the military and a few courses left to complete my bachelor degree.My supervisor a few weeks ago sat down with me really broke it down for me and helps me understand time management and finding time to finish my degree. She pretty much gave me a more time so I can finish my education. A challenge I am willing to accept. Despite me working full time and many long hours I decided to attend on-line classes. Considering surveys taken; on-line courses is one of my weaknesses since how I prefer eyes on and hands on training but through the proper motivation and dedication I can overcome my weakness and make it my strength. This I hope I am able to overcome and do extremely well.As I was doing the exercises I found two of which most interesting and yet I totally agree was from the learning styles and strategies website and the learning style preference website. My learning style is sequential and global learner and my style of preference was a kinesthetic learner. According to Felder & Soloman, a sequential learner tends to gain understanding in linear steps, with each step following logically from the previous one. Global learners tend to learn in large jumps, absorbing material almost randomly without seeing connections, and then suddenly â€Å"getting it.Retrieved from http://www4. ncsu. edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/ILSdir/styles. htm. In The Center for New Discoveries in Learning, a kinesthetic learner we prefer to be a hands-on learner and most likely love to move around frequently, like athletics, and to build things with your hands. Be grateful for your talents and also, it is important to know that most company and school environments cater to people whose highest learning style preference is visual. Retrieved from http://www. howtolearn. com/quiz-results? id=34681D5B-149A-D43E-1E F8-212F30D45B44&source=HTL. In conclusion, now I have a better understanding on my particular learning styles and habits I believe in can improve on areas that I may be weak at by taking it upon myself by learning other styles individuals have mastered. This will help me more effectively interact, while also increasing my learning potential because I can learn from other individuals. Knowledge truly is power, and the more I acquire, and the more I can learn from myself and other people, the better off I will be.

Cracker Barrel Restaurants Case Study Essay

1. Discuss the factors that make it more difficult to establish work place discrimination based on sexual orientation than discrimination based on race? Although federal laws protect people from workplace discrimination on the basis of race, national origin, religion, sex, age, and disability, there is no federal law that specifically outlaws workplace discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in the private sector. (Federal government workers are protected from such discrimination.). an employee can file a complaint regarding discrimination based on race and be heard while an employee that files a complaint regarding discrimination based of sexual orientation will not be heard unless the company that they work for has an internal policy regarding sexual orientation. 2. Do chain restaurant operations, which prize uniformity – and thus reliability – in store design, products, and operating procedures, require uniformity of personnel policies? Were the regional variations that Dan Evins proposed on February 27, 1991, a viable corporate strategy? Why or why not. The need of personnel policies arises basically from overall objectives of the organization; a corporate thinking is required which will guide decision making at all operating level. The spontaneous cooperation of employees can be achieved through a just and fair treatment to all. Personnel policies provide the basis for uniformity and consistency. I do not believe they were a viable corporate strategy, as it started a chain reaction to incriminatory fire LGBT employees for no valid reason then that they were not heterosexual. Protests erupted at restaurants in dozens of cities and towns; boycotts were organized; and shareholders complained. even though nothing was accomplished until 2002 when New York and its allies fought until 58 percent of the shareholders persuaded Cracker Barrel’s board to vote unanimously to explicitly forbid anti-gay discrimination in its equal employment policy. 3. How does the Cracker Barrel case support or challenge the nation that federal legislation is warranted to stop employment discrimination based on sexual orientation? Although there are not federal laws to prevent discrimination based on  sexual orientation, protections does exist for workers on the basis of religion, gender, national origin, age, disability, and race. Still, as the NAACP and other lawsuits against Cracker Barrel demonstrate, federal legislation does not ensure corporate compliance. Aggrieved parties and their supporters often must invest years of their lives in protest and litigation simply to achieve the equal treatment ostensibly guaranteed in the American marketplace. Even after the terns race and sexual orientation have been added to the policy statements, broader cultural transformations will be required before these added burdens are removed from the shoulders of workers already greatly disadvantaged in our society. 4. Why are particular retail products, for example, inanimate objects such as mammy dolls, perceived to be racist? To be honest I do not like the mammy dolls, I just found out that the mammie dolls are racial motivated toward African Americans of the past. The development of the dolls came from cartoons of black people in 1600, 1700, and 1800s. The cartoons made remarks about African American women that were slaves who in most instances were house slaves who took care of slave owners children. These cartoons developed more negative images during this time. The development of the cloth dolls and ceramic dolls became popular due to these cartoons. The mammie dolls are resurfacing now by Caucasians and miss-educated African Americans as heritage dolls. They are apart of African American heritage however a negative image. They have increased sales after the election of Barack Obama by Caucasians by right wing conservatives. 5. Which areas of corporate activity should be open to broader scrutiny through shareholder resolutions? How much stake in the company should a shareholder have in order to present a resolution? The desire to promote the core values of the shareholder, and or to address the business risks and opportunities of global climate change, $2,000 or 1% and must be on the inside, must own for at least 1 year. 6. If a controversial corporate policy is reversed only after a decade of defiance, how should the company’s public relations officers present the change to the media? Public relations professionals present the face of an organization or individual, usually to articulate its objectives and official views on issues of relevance, primarily to the media. Public relations contributes to the way an organization is perceived by influencing the media and maintaining relationships with stakeholders. Specific public relations disciplines include: Financial public relations – communicating financial results and business strategy Consumer/lifestyle public relations – gaining publicity for a particular product or service Crisis communication – responding in a crisis Internal communications – communicating within the company itself Government relations – engaging government departments to influence public policy Food-centric relations – communicating specific information centered on foods, beverages and wine. Building and managing relationships with those who influence an organization or individual’s audiences has a central role in doing public relations. After a public relations practitioner has been working in the field, they accumulate a list of relationships that become an asset, especially for those in media relations. Within each discipline, typical activities include publicity events, speaking opportunities, press releases, newsletters, blogs, social media, press kits and outbound communication to members of the press. Video and audio news releases are often produced and distributed to TV outlets in hopes they will be used as regular program content.