Minimum Wage And Labor Unions - 1841 Words

Abstract Minimum wage often hurts people it is intended to protect from the increase. There are many research papers that will show exactly how the minimum wage affects both the employer and the employee. The employer then has to take action when there is legislation that passes a higher minimum wage rate. I am against minimum wage for many reasons that I will explain in my essay. Labor unions can be viewed as unjust and immoral because of the actions they choose to take against their employers and employees. Labor unions seem to help their employees on the outside but in the long run, end up preventing them from doing things individually. There are many other industries that have high paying wages without being in a union. I am†¦show more content†¦They do not have the experience or education to start off at a higher wage so most employers will not give them a chance. The employer wants to pay a worker for what they believe is what they deserve. Normally, a person has to work and get experience to become more productive. A more productive worker will then get raises and make what they are worth. People need to work so they can survive and if they are less educated and less skilled they will be willing to work for whatever they can get. According to Paul McCormick and Walter Brock, â€Å"An adverse effect of the minimum wage which is especia lly harmful to teenagers in the fact that the minimum wage eliminates the chance of teenagers taking certain low-wage jobs, gaining experience and eventually obtaining better careers in the future† (McComick, Brock, 2000). The poor are also affected by the higher minimum wage. When the minimum wage is increased many low-skilled workers will lose their jobs causing them to become unemployed. Because the minimum wage is raised the price on products will go up causing another hardship on the poor. The businesses will find a way to pay the higher wages to workers so they will have to raise the price of their products and services. â€Å"A 1997 National Bureau of Economic Research study estimated that the federal minimum-wage hike of 1996 and 1997 actually increased the number of poor families by 4.5 percent†Show MoreRelatedMinimum Wage Laws And Labor Unions905 Words   |  4 PagesFair Labor Standards Act was created to establish a minimum federal wage to serve as a standard wage to reduce poverty and to secure economic growth is shared across the workforce. Today minimum wage is far below its historical levels and loses its value every year due to inflation. The minimum wage workforces are l iving close to poverty levels, and insist on the government raising the minimum wage. Sometimes the fight to raise the pay for workers goes unnoticed or unheard, so a labor union is formedRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pages Minimum wage requires paying every employee a specific wage regardless of the employee productivity. It is the responsibility of the government to set the minimum wage. To understand this, a biology analogy can be used: some animals are stronger compared to others. In economic perspective, some people are relatively unable to deliver compared to others. Among them include, disabled, unskilled, and the youth. Due to their low productivity, they are entitled lower wages corresponding to their effortsRead MoreMinimum Wage : Low Skilled And Young Workers1553 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Minimum wage, a program created to help the poor, has every contrary effect to its well intentions. Throughout the history, people who hurt the most during minimum wage hikes are the low-skilled and young workers. Drastically raising minimum wage is meaningless as high inflation usually comes alongside with wage increases. Past economic statistics have shown that the rate of increase in inflation usually outpaced the rate of increase in minimum wage. Thus, the real value wage workers receiveRead MoreThe Laws Of The United States1631 Words   |  7 Pagesthose that do, significant effects have been witnessed. Right-to-work legislation allows workers to collect the benefits of any union agreements within their company, but can choose to forego paying fees. Also, the employees in the states with right-to work provisions can join labor unions if they wish to do so without being forced by their employers to join a union as a requirement for employment. This paper will attempt to detail the history of right-to-work laws, explain current issues, forecastRead MoreUnion Dues And Initiation Fee1406 Words   |  6 Pages Unions had a place in the business environment at one point in this nation’s history. Unions helped get workers medical insurance, increased wages, and many other benefits. So what place do unions have in our current business economy? According to Larry Keller, â€Å"Union dues and initiation fees. Dues can range from $200 to several hundred dollars per year, partially offsetting higher wages.† This carries an extra burden for the American worker. Even though the unions push for higher wages, the frontRead MoreState and Federal Systems of Government Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesState and Federal Systems of Government MGT434 May 29, 2006 State and Federal Systems of Government Labor and employment laws define US workers rights and protect s employees from employers retaliation for exercising our rights under the laws or reporting violations to the proper authorities. As Bennett and Hartman explain, these laws Â…seek to make the power relationship between employer and employee one that is fair and equitable (Employment Law for Business, pg. 88). Employers haveRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage1639 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum wage is one of the many microeconomic policies that serve to correct imbalance in the economy. It is defined as the lowest amount of remuneration required of an employer to pay his employees during a given period of work. There exist different laws in different states that can fix the minimum wage policy. A current economic issue is minimum wage, or specifically, its pertinence to social inequality. Many sectors of society would be affected by changes in this policy. Minimum wage relies onRead MoreHistory of the Flsa Essay982 Word s   |  4 PagesHistory of the Fair Labor Standards Act Abstract After the great depression, unions were legalized in order to be the voice for the workers for whom they represented to their employers. Once this legalization became evident through federal statute, set the stage for what was to become the Fair Labor Standards Act. Having just survived a depression, the United States was hoping to avoid any future economic downturns, the government would accomplish this with paying higher wages that the employerRead MoreThe Role Of Unions And Their Importance Has Changed Over The Years1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of unions and their importance has changed over the years. A mixture of poor wages, high unemployment, non-existent benefits and insignificant professional stability amongst the more youthful era makes a ready demographic for restoration. The younger era is the slightest unionized section of our general public today by a long shot. Unions are important in today’s society because checks and balances are necessary entities in business and government, so if CEOs are just focusing on themselvesRead MoreThe Impact Of National Relations Labor Act ( Nlra ) And The Fair Labor Standards Act1181 Words   |  5 PagesLabor Legislation in the 20th Century Much of what we know about the improvements in the workforce came from 20th century advancements with the workforce that we know today. Important developments came in the form of methodology and data collection efforts. The 20th century was a remarkable period for the American workers. Despite the initial stages of labor management, working conditions, wages and benefits improved over the last century with the workforce increasing six fold over the

For This Lesson The Main Concept I Am Trying To Teach Is

For this lesson the main concept I am trying to teach is the concept of monopolistic competition and the effects it can have on consumers. I decided to do this by focusing on the idea of monopolies in the U.S. Healthcare Insurance industry. My goal is to use maps that demonstrate how states with only a few insurance providers have higher premiums as a result from the lack of competition. When I was researching maps I was looking for maps that had a significant amount of data, yet were simple and easy for my students’ to develop understanding of the concept of monopolies. Ultimately by having my students explore and analyze these two different maps, they will become familiar with the concept of monopolies. This lesson has been designed to†¦show more content†¦The map has 3 different color shades that represents the amount of providers in the state. This map will be used for students to take note of trends of health care providers in various different regions in the U.S. I have developed the following guiding questions: What does this map depict? What is the story this map is trying to tell? What impact do you think the amount of healthcare insurance providers in a region will have on consumers? I.e. What will happen to the cost of premiums? Students will pick one state for each shaded color to continue analyzing on the next map. The goal of these questions/prompts is to have students predict the what the price of premiums will be before looking at the second map. The Second map focuses on the average health premium by state in 2015. Students will use this map to compare and contrast the data they were able to find in the first map. My goal is to have my students’ notice that that premiums are significantly higher in areas where there is a lack of competition, and that areas with more than one provider tend to have lower premium costs. When analyzing this map students will also be provided guiding questions:What does this map depict? What story is this map trying to tell? What were the prices for premiums in each state you chose based off of the last map? What effect does the amount of insurance providers in a region have on healthcare premiums? WhyShow MoreRelatedEffective Teaching And Learning Encompasses Three Main Components764 Words   |  4 Pages I believe effective teaching and learning encompasses three main components. The first is for a student to feel they are in a safe environment; physically safe from bullying or injury as well as the safety to make a mistake or to be wrong sometimes. The second is that the instructor should approach each lesson with the conviction that every child can and will learn. Finally, the third is for the instructor to assess the mastery level of the students on any given skill, meet them where they are,Read MoreThe Ethics Of Reading By Jane Gallop Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesMy initial response when I encountered â€Å"The Ethics of Reading†, by Jane Gallop, was that it was just going to be similar to one of the thousands of articles written by some professor that we have never heard of. However, after the first few sentences, I found myself engaged with the text that was at hand. It was clear to see that Gallops was trying to show the world her strategic way of educating, which ju st so happened to be a little unethical. As a teacher, she wanted to change the way you perceiveRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1353 Words   |  6 Pagesshould be changing over time to mesh with teaching strategies that are used in the classroom today. With this being said, it is important for teachers to be aware of the historical, social and political foundations of education. Since education has changed drastically over time, there are a lot more restrictions and teachers need to be sure and pay attention to understand today’s education system. I personally believe that children are also impacted by these changes and it too affects their feelingsRead MoreGraduation Speech : High School Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesAs I have mentioned before, I grew up and attended school under Scholar Academic philosophy, but my experience in high school was a mixing bowl of various ideologies and philosophies, as our school kept exploring options on how to improve academics and student enrollment. The changes I experienced in high school sparked my curiosity for an education career. I attended Sacramento High School. After my freshman year, our high school was shut down because of issues with attendance, academics, andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Case Study On Homework Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesBefore introducing any new topic, the teacher started her lesson by reviewing last night’s homework. Students need to receive feedback on their homework and this feedback should be made as soon as possible. For students, reviewing homework is a way to examine their understanding of the new knowledge; while for teachers, students’ performance on homework provide information about students’ strengths and weaknesses in mastering the new concept. Kauchak and Eggen (2012) also mentioned that if one questionRead MoreExploring The Dynamics Of Educational Psychology1382 Words   |  6 PagesExploring the Dynamics of Educational Psychology Importance of continued education. I think it should be a priority for educators to be up to date on research being conducted in the field of Educational Psychology because it promotes effective teaching and learning. If they stay updated, they will continue to learn new teaching methods and learning styles that will help their students to succeed. I think if educators are only sticking to the past research that they learned in educational psychologyRead MoreDescriptive Essay About My Father1098 Words   |  5 Pageshis tongue. This way, he was not to blame for the insults he threw out. That was not me speaking, he would say. It was the voice underneath. This tactic worked well for him, he yelled without ever raising his voice. I learned how to cry without shedding a single tear. I was sat at the wooden kitchen table, legs crossed on the chair, my hand gripping a freshly-sharpened number two pencil. My father was sat directly across from me, his chair inches away from our glass back door. This was what weRead MoreLearning Theories That Can Be Understood And Enforced By Administrators1676 Words   |  7 Pagespresented throughout a period of time. When thinking of learning, change is a main concept that should be understood and enforced by administrators. Teachers know what works for them and what works for their students. The education 500 class has taught students that understanding their own styles of learning can help better instruct those around them. One can never stop advancing their knowledge and expanding their research. One main thing for teachers to do is to keep up with current issues and eventsRead MoreTeaching Is Not Just About Spreading Knowledge Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pages When I think of effective teaching, the word ‘knowledge’, ‘teaching strategies’, ‘communication’, and ‘assessment’ just spring to my mind. Steele (2011, as cited in Marsh, Clarke Pittaway, 2014) suggested that an e ffective teacher has a broad and deep understanding of the subject area being taught. This refers to teachers’ mastery of the content knowledge of a specific subject. Ormrod (2014) maintained that teachers make careful decisions on choosing appropriate teaching strategies on each lessonRead MoreThroughout My Lesson, I Tried To Use Math Vocabulary That1161 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout my lesson, I tried to use math vocabulary that would expand the students understanding. The use of math vocabulary can be defined as academic content language because it advancing the students understanding. In part 1 of my lesson at 3:08 into the video, I ask the students â€Å"does anyone have a strategy that could help us or that they want to see?†. This allows for me to the use the word strategy which is an example of academic content language. A second example of academic content language

Ethical Dilemma in Business Organizations

Question: Discuss about theEthical Dilemma in Business Organizations. Answer: Introduction In the present business scenario, it is a common perception that competition is good for consumers and society as it keeps a fair check on the business organizations. However, there is a dark side associated with the competition as it encourages unethical practices to achieve the organization goals. In spite the fact that business leaders or managers want to conduct their business ethically, many times; the business leaders have immense pressure to achieve the regular targets which leads to negligence of the ethics. Although the managers are aware of the unethical business practices, the high competition in the business changes their response to ethical transgression. The managers with high experience in the industry are more likely to neglect the moral aspects of their actions and are more driven by practical and financial benefits. Also, the managers in more competitive environment base their decisions on the financial profitability and overlook the immorality of actions. These bus iness organizations overlook the unethical issues if it is profitable to the organization and disdain it, if it poses negative impact on the organization. The response of the managers in less competitive environment is driven by the unethicality of the actions and less by profitability (O'Sullivan, Smith Esposito, 2012). Several times the unethical behavior yields competitive advantages; however, in the long run it results in condemnation and impacts negatively on the organization (Fryer, 2014). It can be observed from the case of Volkswagen wherein the company lost 25% of its market share due to diesel dupe scandal. In September 2015, EPA (Environmental Protection Authority) found that the cars sold in in the United States of America are equipped with defeat device through which the diesel cars of the company can detect when they are checked for emission performance and improve results. It can be scrutinized that the company tried to fool the customers and the government from the low emission results. Previously, the company implemented huge marketing campaign regarding the low emission diesel cars and environment-friendly cars (Hotten, 2015). Volkswagen was founded in Germany in 1937. Over the years, Volkswagen has become one of the largest auto makers in the country. However, due to the immense competition in the automotive industry, the market share of the company started declining from 2010 onwards. Despite being a prominent auto maker in European market, the company was struggling to capture market in the US. It launched new models such as Jetta Passat and Sedan to increase the market share; however, the response of consumers was not as per the expectations of the company (Boston and Boudette, 2014). Due to this, the company must be in pressure to increase its sales and implemented drastic measures. The present ethical issue of the company can be examined from different ethical frameworks and business ethics theories. The ethical theories are developed to distinguish the right behavior from the wrong behavior. They are applied ethics which examine the ethical issues or dilemmas in the business environment. The business ethics refers to the standards or the values that govern the behavior of the business organizations. In order to act in the ethical manner, a business organization has to distinguish between right and wrong and adopt the right choice. The ethical principles for businesses are same to that of an individual. Although are no specific set of rules to determine the ethical practices, various theories have emerged to determine the morality of an action. Therefore, a company should judge all its actions on ethical grounds before implementing those actions (Brenkert Beauchamp, 2010). The utilitarianism is the best known ethics theory. In this theory, the fundamental is to judge the actions according to their consequences. The utilitarian theory states that the primary aim of morality is to enhance the living standard of the people and increase the happiness of maximum people. The utilitarian theory discards the moral codes and systems based on the customs and traditions. This theory was formulated by Jeremy Bentham in the eighteenth century and posits that while taking an action, a person should look beyond the self-interest and considers the impact on the entire population affected by the decision. It is also called rule-based theory and focuses on the consequences of an action rather than the action itself. In this theory, all the affected parties are considered as the stakeholders of the action. The utilitarian theorists acknowledge that there exists trade-off in several actions and states that if an action is having better outcomes for most of the people, it should be implemented. The theory states that the decision-maker should focus on maximizing the benefits and minimize the harm to the society (Weiss, 2008). When the utilitarianism consequential theory is used, the decisions of a business organization are dependent upon what actions will increase the benefits for the maximum people. It postulates that the end results of the action justify the means to achieve them. When the present action is scrutinized by the utilitarian theory, it cannot be justified. The company tried to deceive the consumers and the stakeholders by suggesting that the manufactured cars have low emission rate. Although the action has a positive impact on the shareholders and the investors of the company, the impact on the mass public was negative. The marketing of the environmental-friendly cars boosted up the sales and image of the organization. While taking a social perspective, introducing cars with higher emission rates will play with the health of the public and increase the chances of respiratory diseases among the people. This decision not only has negative impact but a huge negative impact on the community. Therefore, the decision backfired on the company and it received condemnation from the environmental organizations from all across the globe. Moreover, since the cars were emitting carbon dioxide more than the permissible rate in the United States, they were negat ively impacting on the health of the citizens and the friends or the families of the car owners. It can be deduced that the present action of Volkswagen has overall negative consequences on the citizens of the US. Therefore, this action is morally unjustified according to the utilitarian theory. As the utilitarian theory posits that the primary aim of morality is to increase the happiness and contentment of the life for most of the people (Machan Chesher, 2002). The present action of Volkswagen has no positive implication on the living of the people; albeit, it increases pollution and the chances of several medical issues. Another moral theory that can be used to judge the actions of the automobile company is deontological ethical theory. This ethical theory is based on the normative ethical position and judges the morality of an action based on the pre-determined rules. The deontology theory is the ethical theory based on the obligation and the moral duty of a person. It states that the moral judgment of an action should be based upon complying with these laws or the moral codes. The deontology theory states that in order to act in a morally justified manner a person must abide by the rules. This theory denotes the relationship between duty and morality. According to this theory, the ethics of an action is determined by the characteristics of the action rather than the consequences of the action itself. The deontological ethics state that some actions must be performed as a moral duty and regardless of their impact on the human welfare. The deontological ethics are considered as a formal ethical syste m. According to this system, the conformity of an action should be dependent upon some rule of law. The deontological philosophy was given by Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher in the eighteenth century (Trevino Nelson, 2010). The theory postulates that no action is good, if it does not have a good will and the good will arises from the respect towards the law and regulations. The deontological ethical system states that every human being is valuable. Therefore, every human should be respected equally and provide basic human rights. This theory thrusts respect and interest of every person in spite of the fact that the interest of that person is in odd with the interest with the entire group. However, there are several negative aspects of this theory such as it is hard to settle conflicting interest between different parties and it is absolutist (Trevino Nelson, 2010). According to this theory, the action taken by Volkswagen was morally wrong. According to the government policies, the automobile companies cannot manufacture cars and other vehicles above a specific permissible level. In the present context, the company did not abide by the environmental laws of the country. Moreover, the government also makes policies to create transparency and; therefore, business organizations must disclose all the parts and the products used in the manufacturing. However, the company did not abide by these terms and tried to deceive its customers. Therefore, the present action can be categorized as morally wrong from the deontological theory (McDonald, 2014). It can be discussed that the morally unjustifiable decisions backfire on the organization and they have to deal with the later consequences. In the case of Volkswagen, the company lost substantial market share all across the globe and several international organizations came together to criticize it. The company also lost the trust of the consumers which was attained over the years. Therefore, it is important to develop ethical leadership within the organization. The ethical leadership is defined as representing ethically appropriate conduct in the business environment and promoting such conduct among the business organizations through reinforcement and demonstration. The ethical leadership promotes ethically sound practices in the business organization and increase the effectiveness of the organization. The personal trait such as integrity is also associated with the ethical leadership and ethical characteristics such as such as honesty and trustworthiness are also associated with t he effectiveness of the leadership. The ethical leadership is important for the business organization due to its implication in productivity and image building. The ethical leaders are attractive and provide a normative model to inculcate ethical principles in the organization. The ethical leaders create an organization culture wherein the employees are made accountable for their actions. Therefore, they foster an ethical system within the organization. The ethical leaders influence the ethical conduct of the employees. Even when the leader is not physically present, he can influence ethical qualities in the decisions of the follower and provide ethical guidance to the employees. The ethical leaders set ethical standards within the organization and communicate them to the followers. The ethical leaders taken into consideration the needs and the requirements of the stakeholders and base their decision on them. Through social learning, the ethical leaders enhance the social behavior o f the employees. The ethical leaders develop relationships with their employees through social exchange rather than economic exchange. The employees take their ethical leader as a model and behave ethically (Mihelic, Lipicnik and Tekavcic, 2010). When the ethical principles are embedded in the organization, they change the traditional outlook of the organization. The ethical organization encompasses several factors such as CSR, triple bottom line, ethical management, fair trade, globalization, sustainability and cooperatives. Furthermore, there are also several long-term negative impacts of unethical leadership on a business organization. The primary issue with the unethical practices is untrustworthiness of the organization. It can be observed from the case of Enron, which was the most innovative and seventh largest business organization in the United States. However, by adopting unethical practices it lost the trust of the consumers and eventually collapsed. In the social context, the unethical leadership is increasing white collar crime and business malpractices in the business organization (Brown, Trevino, Harrison, 2005). The ethical leadership encompasses morality, character, vision and judgment of the leader. It is the ability of the leaders to perceive what is considered by the community as wrong or right action. It is the responsibility of the leader to take actions which are not offensive towards the law, religion or the culture of the local community. The ethical leaders should be capable of identifying the vision or the mission of the company, ethical or cultural sensitivity of the situation, should have intrinsic motivation for ethical decisions and review the decisions made (Brown Trevino, 2006). The ethical leadership is a characteristic of the leaders. Leadership can be defined as a relation between the leader and the followers wherein the leader convinces the followers to perform certain actions or achieve certain goals. The leaders exert their positional power and charisma to engage employees and lead them. In the ethical leadership the leaders directs how the employees must behave in the organization. The ethical leaders direct the employees and the organization to fulfill the mission and the goals of the organization. The ethical leadership is a construct that encourages the employees to take the right decisions rather than preventing them to take unethical decisions. With the ethical leadership, the leader embeds ethical practices in the organization which are adopted by the followers through social exchange theory. By being ethical, the leader considers the justification, fairness and welfare of all the stakeholders and the community as a whole. The ethical judgment o r decision-making is influenced by the upbringing and the surroundings. Even if a person has grown with a strong sense of ethics, the surroundings or the bad behavior of the people can reduce the ethical sense of the person. Moreover, the leaders practicing the business ethics considers the long-term consequences, drawback and the profitability of their own decisions (Fitch, 2009). The ethical leaders work as a role model for the followers and determine the ethical boundaries and regulations which are needed to be followed in the business organization. The new employees in the organization learn about the values and culture of the organization from other employees. Moreover, when the leader start realizing the ethical values into actions he gathers more trust and respect from the followers. When the leaders demonstrate that they can sacrifice the profitability of the organization to act according to their values, the followers demonstrate the same behavior. If managers and the business leaders follow ethical behavior, they become more considerate of the followers needs and reducing conflicts. Moreover, they become morally obligated to the followers and the stakeholders of the company and make efforts for the welfare and fulfillment (Fitch, 2009). The ethical leaders creates an organization culture which increases he perceived effectiveness of the leader, increases the productivity and he efficiency of the employees and increases the respect and the trust of the followers toward the leader. The ethical leadership is a process rather than one time act and requires a timeline to acknowledge the followers and wider community the culture of the organization. The leaders must be able to communicate the ethical standards to the followers and demonstrate the behavior by practicing them in the organization (Brown Trevino, 2006). There are a number of personal traits such as integrity, trustworthiness and honesty which are associated with the ethical leadership. Along with it, the ethical leaders are considered as just and fair decision-makers who care about the community and the employees. Another important dimension of the ethical management is morality management. The ethical leaders makes ethics and morality an explicit agenda of their leadership style and send messages of moral behavior by either demonstrating it themselves or enforcing it by creating a reward system. In this system, the followers are held accountable for their actions and the organization is recognized as an ethical organization. It can be deduced that the ethics is the heart of leadership. A leader has the power which can be used for the welfare of the society or otherwise. An ethical leader is focused on the development and the welfare of the society. The decision-making of the leaders is focused on achieving goals with all the rational measures. In essence, all the available information is collected and processed for the sound judgment. In the ethical decision-making, judgment is the essential component. The judgment of a person is dependent upon discretion, choice, intelligence and values. If the ethics are embedded in the central values and the mission of an organization, the employees give ethics high priority before taking any decision. The adoption of the ethical behavior initiates with the analysis of ethics and the ethical decision making. The leaders must be aware of the values, morals, integrity and the ethical decision making. The primary characteristics of the ethical leadership are trustworthin ess, respect, responsibility and the fairness. The ethical dilemma occurs when the values of the leader or the organization are in conflict with the practical interest of the organization and the leader ha to choose between them (Mihelic, Lipicnik and Tekavcic, 2010). Conclusion It can be concluded that the ethical leadership is a significant aspect in the present business world. In the recent years, unethical conduct by several business organizations has impacted them in a drastic manner. In the present essay, the unethical conduct of Volkswagen has been discussed wherein the company deceived its major stakeholders and the customers by implementing a deceiving device in its automobile cars. The company was in ethical dilemma due to increased pressure of diminishing market share in the US markets. This action of the company invited criticism from the environmental organizations, reduced the market share and resulted in the loss of trust of the customers. Therefore, practice of ethical leadership is critical in the business organization. A business firm can establish ethical leadership by appointing leaders who have a strong ethical background and are intrinsically motivated for ethical behavior. Moreover, the ethical leaders should foster ethical behavior in the organization by establishing norms and regulations in the organization. The employees should be held responsible for their unethical actions. Moreover, reinforcement can be in the form of rewards and punishments so that the employees realize the importance of practicing ethical behavior. The leader can also encourage ethical behavior by modeling it by practicing himself. The demonstration of the ethical behavior will result in the ethical organization culture. References Boston, W. and Boudette, N.E. (2014). VW Labor Rep Blasts Car Maker's U.S. Strategy. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303947904579336443225906138 Brenkert, G.G., Beauchamp, T.L. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics Oxford Handbooks in Philosophy. OUP USA. Brown, M.E., Trevino, L.K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 695-616. Brown, M.E., Trevino, L.K., Harrison, D.A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97, 117-134. Fitch, W. (2009). A Study of Relationships Between Ethical Decision Making, Leadership Styles, and Demographics in Pennsylvania Superintendents. Theses and Dissertations. Paper 868. Fryer, M. (2014). Ethics Theory and Business Practice. London: SAGE. Hotten, R. (2015). Volkswagen: The scandal explained. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772 Machan, T.R., Chesher, J. (2002). A Primer on Business Ethics. London: Rowman Littlefield. McDonald, G. (2014). Business Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mihelic, K.K., Lipicnik, B., Tekavcic, M. (2010). Ethical Leadership. International Journal of Management Information Systems, 14(5), 31-43. Nikoi, A.A.A. (2008). Ethical Leadership and Business Decision Making in Contemporary Times. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(10), 183-194. O'Sullivan, P., Smith, M., Esposito, M. (2012). Business Ethics: A Critical Approach: Integrating Ethics Across the Business World. London: Routledge. Trevino, L.K., Nelson, K.A. (2010). Managing Business Ethics. London: John Wiley Sons. Trevino, L.K., Nelson, K.A. (2010). Managing Business Ethics. London: John Wiley Sons. Weiss, J. (2008). Business Ethics: A Stakeholder and Issues Management Approach. Boston: Cengage Learning.

Introduction to Different Types of Mental Training free essay sample

Task: B1 Introduction to Different Types of Mental Training An athlete qualifying for an Olympic Final competes against athletes who are fit, strong, flexible, powerful and skilful. All the competitors have devoted time and energy to becoming top-class athletes. However, there is only one champion and two medal winners. Often the difference between a medal and eighth place is a fraction of a second or a few centimetres. Interviews with athletes who succeed at this highest level often focus on which aspect of their preparation made them different from everyone else.Nine times out of ten these great athletes refer to a mental edge or psychological toughness. An athlete who wants to compete against other talented athletes needs to think carefully about mental preparation. It is not enough for them to expect to win simply because they have coved more mileage then the next athlete, or because they have lifted heavier weights. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Different Types of Mental Training or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the final analysis it is often more important to keep the mind in the pressurized environment of competition. In this essay I will be covering different forms of mental training employed by the sport psychologist.Imagery Imagery and mental rehearsal are techniques that are frequently used in sport and exercise psychology because of the verity of applications they have in different settings. Imagery Imagery is a polysensorial and emotional creation or recreation of an experience that takes place in the mind. It should involve as many senses as possible as well as trying to recreate emotions experienced through the activity the athlete takes part in. The post effective imagery uses kinaesthetic, visual, tactile, auditory and olfactory senses.An example of imagery that anyone could take part in is to think about a favourite athlete in any sport. Then think about when you have watched that sports person performing. Consider when you have thought about what that athlete has done during their performance, (e. g. how they kick a ball) tried to see your self doing that in a future competition, and then copied what they did during your performance. This is just one example of how our mind allows us to remember different events and then attempt to recreate them. It is imagery in one of many forms.There are two main types of imagery in port and exercise: internal and external. †¢ Internal imagery is imagining yourself doing something and concentrating on how the activity feels †¢ External imagery is imagining yourself doing something as tough you are watching it on a film so that you can develop an awareness of how the activity looks Uses of imagery Imagery has a number of uses in different areas of performance including relaxation, goal setting, concentration, developing confidence, controlling emotions and handling pressure, and diction making. Goal settingImagery can be useful to highlight specific faults in performance which can then be used to set goals to improve performance . Concentration A key aspect to concentration is being able to focus on relevant cues in the environment (e. g. things that directly affect sports performance) and being able to close out factors that don’t directly affect the sport performance (e. g. crowd noise and banners). By imagining what you want to achieve and what you need to be able to do to achieve it you can prevent your attention from focusing on irreverent aspects and focus on relevant aspects instead. Decision MakingDecision making skills are benefited greatly by imagery because the use of imagery allows individuals to look at a number of options in different situations and the consequences of making different decisions. The benefits of imagery in the area tend to be greater for experienced performers rather than novices, because it helps them to refine skills and make the necessary dictions quickly. Controlling Emotions and Handling Pressure One of the benefits of using imagery is that you can imagine things that have gone wrong in previous performances (such as missing penalties, being bowled out and experience poor officiating).Then you’re able to imagine yourself coping with these negative influences in a number of ways and being able to perform the task successfully. Developing Confidence A football player has been taking penalties for his team on a regular basis but keeps missing them which have knocked his confidence in his ability to score penalties. The sport psychologist could work with the player asking him to remember having a strong support foot placement, striking the ball hard and true, thinking about where exactly he wants the ball to go, seeing the ball hit the back of the net and thinking about the elation experienced at successfully scouring a goal.The sport psychologist would do this because seeing yourself perform well in your mind is a good way of in creasing a sense of mastery. It increases your belief in your ability to perform a task. Relaxation A sprinter is in the start position in the final of the men’s 100m hurdles at the Olympics Games. In this example the athlete would imagine emotions associated with relaxation and together with other techniques such as breathing exercises, could try to control anxiety, arousal and stress levels Mental Rehearsal Mental rehearsal is one aspect of imagery.It is a strategy for practicing something in your mind before actually performing the task. The difference between mental rehearsal and imagery is that mental rehearsal does not take into account how the skill is rehearsed or what senses and emotions are used throughout the skill. It is the cognitive rehearsal of a skill without any physical movement. Uses of Mental Rehearsal There are a number of ways in which mental rehearsal is used including skills practice and rehearsal, practicing ‘what if’ scenarios, replaying performance and performance routines.Mental rehearsal can also be linked to pre-performance routines, as mental rehearsal can allow the performer to rehearse how they want to complete an activity before t hey actually start the performance. The use of mental rehearsal of future performance ensures that athletes take time to review physical, technical and mental aspects of the activity and produce strategies that will help individuals to meet its demands. Practice for Events Using mental rehearsal in the lead p to competition as well as in practice settings has been shown to benefit skill practice and developmentSkills Practice and Rehearsal Although it is not as effective as physically practicing a skill mental rehearsal is more beneficial then not practicing the skill at all. It actually helps to develop neuromuscular patterns associated with different movements. It is important for the performer to rehearse both good and bad movement patterns so that they can get to know the difference between the two to develop the appropriate neuromuscular responses. Practice ‘what if scenarios’ Mental rehearsal gives the performer the opportunity to practice ‘what if scenarios’ (e. . what would happen if I did it this way’). Then to assess whether something different would work in the same scenario. In Competition Practice Mental rehearsal gives the athlete the opportunity to practice their skills during an event without having to expend any energy or perform any movements. This is a useful way of concentrating on a particular aspect of skill and further developing it. Performance Routines Mental rehearsal forms an important part of performance routines. Think about when you have seen a rugby player take a kick at goal from the ground.They place the ball then look up at the posts, take a few steps back and to the side, take a stance, look at the ball then up to the posts, sometime close there eyes then take a deep breath and go to kick the ball. This is all part of a performance routine. During this routine the player is mentally rehearsing the kick of the ball before actually performing the movement. Replay Performance ‘What if’ are often combined with replaying performance in your mind, where you go thorough previous performances and detect errors in performance using the mental rehearsal.Arousal Arousal is an important aspect of sport and exercise because it can affect performance either positively or negatively depending on how you perceive the arousal. Therefore it is important to understand ways of regulating arousal and how this can benefit performance. Arousal Reduction Over-arousal is often experienced by athletes for reasons such as lack of confidence or seeing competition as a threat. The effects of over-arousal are generally the same regardless of the performer: physical and psychological discomfort that leads to reduced performance.The role of the sport psychologist would be to help the athlete to understand the causes of over-arousal to recognise the symptoms of over-arousal and then to help athletes to apply appropriate arousal management strategies to reduce levels to an optimal point. Common arousal reduction techniques include progressive muscular relaxation, breathing control, biofeedback, mind to muscle techniques and imagery. Progressive Muscular Relaxation Muscle tension is one of the most uncomfortable and devastating symptoms of an over-aroused state and can severely hinder performance due to losses in coordination (and therefore disrupt technique).It can also lead to an increased risk of injury due to vastly decreased flexibility. Progressive muscular relaxation (PMR) is an easy to use technique that can help to reduce muscular tension. It is a useful technique because it increases an individual’s awareness of their levels of muscle tension and through the relaxation phase helps the individual to distinguish between what is a state of tension and relaxation. Breathing Control When you start to experience increased pressure in sport situations an automatic tendency is to hold your breath a little.Unfortunately when you do this it increases factors that can be negative to performance (like muscle tension). The best time to use breathing control is when you are in a sporting situation that allows you to take a brake. Controlled breathing is one of the easiest techniques for reducing anxiety symptoms and it has a range of physiological and psychological benefits. The physiological benefits include oxygen transport, carbon dioxide removal, reduced muscle fatigue and reduced chances of injuries such as cramp. However the psychological benefits are also important.One of the biggest problems with over-arousal is the reduced concentration levels that accompany it such as (focusing on the negative aspects) muscle tension, increased heart rate and (in some cases) the nausea that can be symptoms of over-arousal. Using breathing control techniques can be beneficial in reducing arousal in two main ways: †¢ It reduces the physiological symptoms of arousal and anxiety †¢ It focuses the athlete’s attention away from the negative aspects, because they have to concentrate on getting the breathing techniques correct.As a result of these different aspects, the athlete will benefit throu gh increased concentration, confidence, control and well-being. Biofeedback Biofeedback involves the use of different equipment to detect physiological responses to arousal. This helps the athlete to learn how to control those responses. The technique generally uses either visual or auditory feedback of different physiological responses. The common physiological responses that biofeedback is used with are heart rate, breathing, skin temperature and muscle tension.It has not always been shown to improve performance but it is effective in helping the athlete to detect and reduce physiological symptoms of arousal and anxiety. Mind to Muscle Techniques The aim of mind to muscle relaxation is to train the athletes muscle to be able to recognise tension so that it can be released and a relaxed state can occur. Common examples of mind to muscle relaxation techniques include imagery, PMR and autogenic training. Imagery Imagery is one of the most common psychological skills techniques because it can be used to reduce arousal symptoms before, during and after competition. The process by which imagery reduces anxiety is a relatively simple one. If the athlete can use calming, tranquil and relaxing images this will reduce the symptoms of arousal and anxiety to a level that will not hamper performance. Arousal Increasing Just as over-arousal can be detrimental to performance under-arousal can also be as damaging. It is generally based on the interaction between the situation in which the individual finds them in and their psychological appraisal of that situation. Under-arousal is nowhere near as common in a sporting situation as over-arousal.However when an athlete is virtually guaranteed success this phenomenon is quite understandable. The sports psychologists’ role would be to consult with athletes and teams to develop ways of increasing arousal levels again. Some common ways of increasing arousal levels in a sport or exercise setting include: use of music, using energising imagery, increasing breathing rate, affirmations and acting energised (some know it as a pep talk or high energy body language). Use of Music Music is more widely researched in the exercise domain than in the sports domain, but it is often used in both areas to increase arousal levels.It has been shown to be effective at increasing arousal levels by eliciting both emotional and physiological responses in different individuals. The use of music increases arousal in a number of ways. By narrowing a performers attention music can divert their focus away from sensations of fatigue. The benefit of this is that the performer will have an elevated mood state through avoidance of negative thoughts. Another benefit of music is that the music which people consider to be exciting can increase body temperature, heart rate and breathing rate all of which will improve sports perfor mance. Energising Imagery In the same way that imagery can be used to reduce arousal and anxiety it can be also used to increase arousal. This can be achieved through the use of high-energy images of competition e. g. a hard tackle in rugby. Increasing Breathing Rate Just before a high jumper in competition attempts to jump the next height up they take a series of short, sharp breaths then take the run up. This is a way of increasing arousal levels; you take a series of sharp short breaths until you feel energised.This technique is also used in other sports such as weightlifting. Affirmations An affirmation is a positive statement that is designed to confirm gaol achievement. It is often used alongside other forms of arousal-increasing techniques such as imagery or acting energised to increase arousal levels. When you use affirmations it is important to review them on a regular basis. Good practice would be to change affirmations when you change the goals you set. It is important to do this so that further progress can be made. Acting EnergisedActing energised increases arousal levels in a number of ways that can benefit performance. It can heighten concentration levels, reprioritise goal achievement, increase motivation levels and make the athlete excited about competing again. In an elite sport setting, the use of this type of body language can also increase arousal levels in athletes. It increases the arousal levels of the crowd (often displayed through cheering on the team more) which further benefits the athlete. Goal Setting Goal setting is one of the best ways of increasing motivation in sport and xercise. In sport and exercise psychology it’s essential to be specific about what a goal is and what the different types of goal are. Types of Goal There are two main types of goal: †¢ a subjective goal is a general statement of intent such as ‘I want to have fun’ †¢ an objective goal is a measurable statement that relates to the achievement of some form of standard normally within a designated period of time Outcome goals, process goals and performance goals are all types of objective goal. Outcome Goal Outcome goals relate to the outcome on an event.They tend to be unpredictable because they depend on the performance of others as well as the one setting it. For example you could play the best frame of tennis you have ever played yet still fail to achieve your goal because your opponent plays a little bit better than you. Process Goals Process goals look at the process the athlete must go through to achieve a desired level of performance. They relate to skills and technique they could be required to perform at a high level. Performance Goals Performance goals look at achieving a certain standard of performance without comparison with other individuals.

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